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A sandy loam soil in the Azandarian area, Hamedan, western Iran, was sampled from the 0- to 30-cm layer. Soil was air-dried and passed through a 2-mm sieve. Soil properties were determined according to methods given in Rowell (1994). Soil pH and electrical conduc- tivity (EC) were measured in a 1:5 (w/v) ratio of soil to water by a glass electrode. Particle size analysis was madeusing the hydro meter method. Organic matter was measured using dichromate oxidation, and cation ex- change capacity (CEC) was determined as described by Rowell (1994). Olsen¡¯s bicarbonate extractable P (Olsen-P) was determined using a soil to solution ratio 1:20 and 30-min shaking. Total P was after digestion of soil samples in a nitric acid¨Cperchloric acid mixture (Olsenand Sommers 1982). A UV¨CVis spectrophotom- eter (Varian model) was used to determine P concentra- tion in the extractant following the ammonium molyb- date method (Murphy and Riley 1962). Some of the properties of the Azandarian soil are shown in Table 1. The tested adsorbents were unmodified clay minerals (i.e., bentonite, calcite, kaolinite, and zeolite) and NPs (TiO2, Al 2O3, and Fe 3O4), also modified clay minerals with Fe3+ ions (adsorbent-Fe) and modified NPs with chitosan(adsorbent-chitosan)appliedatrate10and3% for soil amendment, respectively (except bentonite). To prepare modified adsorbent-Fe and adsorbent-chitosan, we used the method that is described by Li et al. (2011) |
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