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changle9139: ½ð±Ò+2, ÐÁ¿àÁË 2014-09-11 20:37:19
lidongkp: ½ð±Ò+10, ¡ï¡ï¡ïºÜÓаïÖú 2014-09-11 20:54:15
As defined by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), heavy oil is a type of crude oil characterized by an asphaltic, dense, viscous nature (similar to molasses), and its asphaltene (very large molecules incorporating roughly 90 percent of the sulfur and metals in the oil) content. It also contains impurities such as waxes and carbon residue that must be removed before being refined. Although variously defined, the upper limit for heavy oil is 22¡ã API gravity with a viscosity of 100 cp (centipoise).

The American Petroleum Institute's "API gravity" is a standard to express the specific weight of oils, computed as (141.5/sp g) - 131.5, where sp is the specific gravity of the oil at 60 degrees Fahrenheit. The lower the specific gravity value, the higher the API gravity will be
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ÉÏÎÄ references
1.American Petroleum Institute Web site: www.api.org.
2.Centre for Energy Web site: www.centreforenergy.com.
3.R.F. Meyer, E.D. Attanasi. "Heavy Oil and Natural Bitumen¡ªStrategic Petroleum Resources," USGS Fact Sheet PS-070-03, August 2003.
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changle9139: ½ð±Ò+1, ÐÁ¿à 2014-09-11 20:37:26
lidongkp: ½ð±Ò+10, ¡ï¡ï¡ïºÜÓаïÖú 2014-09-11 20:54:20
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil
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