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Autophagy, a process that takes part in the cell to degrade damaged organelles and misfolded or aggregated cytoplasmic proteins, comprises of mainly three processes: macroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy, differing in the mode of delivery to the lysosome [47]. The last two processes are relatively unknown in contrast to macroautophagy in which two pathways to induce autophagy have been identified: mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)- dependent and mTOR-independent signaling pathways [48]. Failure in clearance mechanisms lead to the accumulation of defective protein (previously formed, misfolded and/or aggregated) which is a crucial hallmark in AD [30]. Clearance of defective proteins implicates the collaboration between molecular chaperones and targeted protein degradation (performed by proteasome-mediated degradation), chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) and selective macroautophagy [49]. A failing of misfolded protein removal leads to the building-up of aggregated deposits and the development of the pathogenesis of proteinopathies [50]. The evidences of abnormal protein dynamics due to defective degradation, produced by deficiency of the clearance systems, are overwhelming in AD. Cognitive improvements in different mouse models are studied in recent reports [19, 51]. Prior to mentioning degradation of defective proteins, there are also brain clearance mechanisms of A which follow two main routes [32], the direct way through the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB), and the drainage via the interstitial fluid (ISF). The progressive impairment of these mechanisms, specially the first one leads, with the aging of the brain vessels, to the enhanced formation of CAA, affecting leptomeningeal arteries, cortical arteries and capillaries [33]. 相关专业:药学,分子生物学 有效期:2014年8月11-2014年8月12日 谢谢! |
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| 自噬是在细胞中参与受损细胞器的降解,以及降解细胞质中错误折叠或聚集蛋白质的过程,主要包括三个过程:巨自噬、微自噬和分子伴侣介导的自噬,其差别在于运输至溶酶体的模式不同[47]。与巨自噬相比,人们对微自噬和分子伴侣介导的自噬的了解还很有限。但就巨自噬而言,目前已经发现了两条信号通路可以诱导巨自噬:即mTOR依赖性和非依赖性信号途径[48]。清除机制失败可以引起缺陷蛋白质(以前形成的,错误折叠和/或聚集)的累积,而这正是阿尔茨海默病(AD)的一个重要标志[30]。对缺陷蛋白质的清除需要分子伴侣和目标蛋白质的降解(蛋白酶体介导的降解)、分子伴侣介导的自噬(CMA)、以及选择性巨自噬之间的协作[49]。如果错误折叠蛋白清除失败,就会导致缺陷蛋白逐渐集聚,引发相应的蛋白质病症[50]。在阿尔茨海默病中,有大量证据表明,由于清除机制的缺陷造成对缺陷蛋白质的清除障碍,可以引起蛋白质动力学异常。最近在不同小鼠模型的研究报告表明,认知能力有所改善[19,51]。在动用这些对缺陷蛋白质的降解机制之前,大脑也有其清除机制,主要包括两个主要途径[32]:一是直接通过血脑屏障(BBB)清除,二是通过组织间液(ISF)的排放。随着这些机制出现渐进性障碍,特别是随脑血管老化引起的第一个机制(即直接通过BBB)障碍,引起淀粉样脑血管疾病(CAA)的加速形成,影响软脑膜动脉,皮质动脉和毛细血管[33]。 |
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