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[资源] 【分享】Water Dynamics in Plant Production 2003【已搜无重复】

Abbreviations x
1 The Role of Water in Plant Life 1
1.1 Functions of Water in the Plant 1
Box 1.1: Light and water – prerequisites of photosynthesis 2
1.2 Adaptation Strategies of Plants to Overcome Water Shortage 3
1.3 Water and Net Primary Production 5
1.4 Water and Type of Vegetation 6
2 The Role of Water in Soil 10
2.1 Soil Genesis and Soil Functions 10
2.2 Soil Fauna and Vegetation Cover 12
3 The Interdependency of Soil Water and Vegetation 15
3.1 The Significance of the Soil for Water Storage 15
3.2 Transpiration and Seepage of Water with Different Types of Vegetation 16
4 Properties and Energy State of Water 20
4.1 Physical–Chemical Properties 20
4.2 The Concept of Water Potential and the Darcy Equation 22
5 Water Storage and Movement in Soil 26
5.1 Fundamentals and Principles 26
5.2 Evaporation 35
Box 5.1: Measuring soil water 35
5.3 Infiltration and Water Transport 43
Box 5.2: Preferential flow 47
6 The Root – the Plant’s Organ for Water Uptake 49
6.1 The Role of the Root in the Plant 49
6.2 Structure of the Root Tip 51
Box 6.1: Methods of studying roots 52
6.3 Root Systems 56
7 The Water Balance of the Plant 64
7.1 Water Potentials in Plant Cells 64
7.2 Water Uptake by Roots 67
7.3 Transpiration by Leaves 71
Box 7.1: Early experiments for determining water suction and water pressure of roots 72
7.4 The Action of Stomatal Guard Cells 76
7.5 Water Transport within the Plant 77
7.6 Water Potentials in Plants 80
Box 7.2: Searching for the cause of sap ascent 82
8 The Plant as a Link between Soil and Atmosphere: an Overview 85
8.1 The Soil–Plant–Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC) 85
8.2 Potential Evapotranspiration 86
8.3 Relations between Potential Evapotranspiration, Soil Water and Transpiration 89
9 Water Use by Crops 95
9.1 Growth of Roots and Leaves 95
9.2 Leaf Area Index and Transpiration 95
9.3 Root System Development and Water Uptake 100
9.4 How Much of the Soil Water is Extractable by Plant Roots? 106
9.5 Stomatal Control of Water Vapour Loss 109
9.6 Water Use Throughout the Growing Season 110
9.7 How to Determine the Components of the Field Water Balance 113
9.8 Numerical Simulation 117
Box 9.1: How lysimeters work 118
Box 9.2: Measurement of water flow through plants 120
10 Radiation and Dry Matter Production 123
10.1 Radiation and Net Photosynthesis of Single Leaves 123
10.2 Radiation Interception and Dry Matter Accumulation in Crop Stands 125
11 Water Use and Dry Matter Production 132
11.1 Relations and their Optimization 132
11.2 The Transpiration Ratio and a Related Standard 135
Box 11.1: The saturation deficit of the air determines transpiration efficiency 135
11.3 Water Use and an Estimate of Dry Matter Production 139
12 Influence of Nutrient Supply on Water Use and Establishment of Yield 141
12.1 Yield Dependency on Water and Nutrient Supply 141
12.2 Influence of Nutrient Supply on the Relationship between Water Use and Yield 144
12.3 Transpiration Efficiency and Fertilizer Application 149
13 Yield Formation under Inadequate Water Supply 153
13.1 Physiological Reactions and Assimilate Partitioning 153
13.2 Economic Yield 156
13.3 Water Shortage at Different Phenological Stages 159
14 Water Stress in Plants 165
14.1 Measuring Water Stress in Plants 165
14.2 How Plants Perceive Water Stress 171
Box 14.1: Signalling between roots and shoots 174
15 Climatic Factors Influencing Yield 176
15.1 Growth-limiting Climatic Factors 176
15.2 Climate Change 184
15.3 Plants, Soils and Cropping Pattern in a Changing Environment 187
16 Breeding for Yield and Water Use 192
16.1 Comparing Old and New Cultivars 192
16.2 Future Strategies in Plant Breeding 196
17 Controlling the Soil’s Water Balance by Soil Management 199
17.1 Which of the Balance Components can be Changed? 199
17.2 Controlling Infiltration 200
17.3 Controlling Evaporation 206
17.4 Increasing the Quantity of Extractable Soil Water 207
17.5 Conservation Tillage 210
18 Controlling Water Use by Crop Management 217
18.1 Crop Rotation 217
18.2 Choice of Species and Cultivars 224
18.3 Seeding and Stand Density 225
18.4 Fertilizer Application 230
19 Irrigation 234
19.1 Need, Concerns, Problems 234
19.2 Tapping Water – the Basis of Early Civilizations 236
19.3 Water Requirement of Crops 237
19.4 Timing and Adjusting the Application of Water 238
19.5 Efficient Water Use 240
19.6 Irrigation Methods 243
20 Epilogue 247
References 248
Index 263

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[ Last edited by ewigkeit on 2008-12-31 at 15:26 ]

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