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ÊéÃûBiological Conversion of Biomass for Fuels and Chemicals Explorations from Natural Utilization Systems ×÷ÕßJianzhong Sun Biofuels Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China Ò³Êý426 ³ö°æÉçRSC ISBN: 978-1-84973-424-0 ISSN: 2044-0774 Contents Chapter 1 Biomass and its Biorefinery: Novel Approaches from Nature-Inspired Strategies and Technology 1 Jianzhong Sun, Shi-You Ding and Joy Doran-Peterson 1.1 Current Technologies in the Biological Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels 1 1.2 Natural Biomass Utilization Systems and their Potential for Biorefinery 3 1.3 Perspectives on Breakthroughs in Biorefinery for Fuels and Chemicals 7 1.3.1 Understanding Biomass Recalcitrance to Deconstruction 7 1.3.2 Exploring and Integrating Nature-Inspired Technology 9 1.3.3 Perspectives for the Advanced Biological Conversion of Biomass 11 References 12 Chapter 2 Overview of Lignocellulose: Structure and Chemistry 14 Shi-You Ding 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Cell Wall Biogenesis 15 2.3 The Cell Wall Structure in Biomass 18 2.4 The Cell Wall Chemistry in Biomass 21 2.5 Conclusion and Future Directions 22 Acknowledgements 24 References 24 RSC Energy and Environment Series No. 10 Biological Conversion of Biomass for Fuels and Chemicals: Explorations from Natural Utilization Systems Edited by Jianzhong Sun, Shi-You Ding and Joy Doran-Peterson r The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org vii . Published on 04 November 2013 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781849734738-FP007 Chapter 3 Advances in the Measurement and Characterization of Biomass Structure and Processing 26 Yu-San Liu and Shi-You Ding 3.1 Introduction 26 3.2 Atomic Force Microscopy 27 3.3 Fluorescence Microscopy 28 3.3.1 Carbohydrate-Binding Modules 29 3.3.2 Monoclonal Antibodies 29 3.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy 30 3.4.1 Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy 30 3.4.2 Synchrotron-Radiation-Based Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy 31 3.5 Raman Spectroscopy 32 3.5.1 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy 32 3.5.2 Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy 32 3.6 Transmission Electron Microscopy 33 3.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy 34 References 34 Chapter 4 Lignin Modification to Reduce the Recalcitrance of Biomass Processing 37 Bassem B. Hallac and Arthur J. Ragauskas 4.1 Introduction 37 4.2 Lignin 38 4.3 Ethanol Organosolv Pretreatment 40 4.4 Analytical Techniques used for Ethanol Organosolv Lignin Characterization 41 4.4.1 Quantitative 13C NMR Spectroscopy 41 4.4.2 Quantitative 31P NMR Spectroscopy 42 4.4.3 Gel-Permeation Chromatography 43 4.5 The Chemistry of Ethanol Organosolv Delignification 44 4.6 Structural Features of Ethanol Organosolv Lignin 49 4.7 Applications of Ethanol Organosolv Lignin 50 4.8 Conclusions 50 References 51 viii Contents . Published on 04 November 2013 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781849734738-FP007 View Online Chapter 5 Advances in the Genetic Manipulation of Cellulosic Bioenergy Crops for Bioethanol Production 53 Chuansheng Mei and Callista Rakhmatov 5.1 Introduction 53 5.1.1 The Need/Demand for Ethanol Fuel in the USA 53 5.1.2 The Potential for Corn Ethanol Fuel Production 54 5.1.3 Cellulosic Ethanol Potential 54 5.1.4 The Ethanol Production Process 55 5.1.5 The Plant Cell Wall 55 5.2 Cell Wall Degradation 57 5.2.1 Natural Processes 57 5.2.2 Biorefinery 58 5.3 The Current Status of Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass 59 5.3.1 Challenges to Cellulosic Ethanol Production 60 5.4 Plants as Biofactories for Hydrolysis Enzyme Production 60 5.4.1 Plants as Biofactories 61 5.4.2 Enzyme Resources: Bacteria, Fungi, and Insects (Termites) 61 5.4.3 Thermostable/Thermophilic Enzymes 63 5.4.4 Subcellular Targeting 64 5.5 Successful Genetic Engineering of Cell Wall Degradation Enzymes in Plants 65 5.5.1 Transgenic Plants with Cellulase Genes 65 5.5.2 Transgenic Plants with Xylanase Genes 67 5.5.3 Transgenic Plants with Ligninase Genes 68 5.6 Challenges and Perspectives 68 5.6.1 Low Levels of Foreign Protein Accumulation 69 5.6.2 Plant Growth and Development 70 5.6.3 Induced Promoters/Tissue-Specific Promoters 71 5.6.4 Combinations of Different Enzymes in Plants 71 5.6.5 Chloroplast Transformation 72 5.6.6 Enzyme Activity 74 5.7 Future Directions 74 5.7.1 Pretreatment Technology 74 5.7.2 In Planta Hydrolysis Enzyme Production 75 References 76 Contents BK9781849734240_m.jpg |
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