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Nanoalloys: From theory to application of alloy clusters and nanoparticles Chemical Reviews,2008, 108(3) :846-910 http://pubs3.acs.org/acs/journal ... i=10.1021/cr040090g http://pubs3.acs.org/acs/journals/doilookup?in_doi=10.1021/cr040090g [ Last edited by fdtdpc on 2008-3-14 at 10:43 ] |
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Nanoalloys: From Theory to Applications of Alloy Clusters and Nanoparticles Riccardo Ferrando,* Julius Jellinek, and Roy L. Johnston Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Genova, INFM and IMEM/CNR, Via Dodecaneso 33, Genova, I16146, Italy, Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom Received November 27, 2006 Contents * 1.Introduction * 1.1.General Aspects * 1.1.1.Clusters * 1.1.2.Nanoalloys * 1.1.3.Isomerism in Nanoalloys * 1.2.Types and Structures of Nanoalloys * 1.2.1.Mixing Patterns * 1.2.2.Geometric Structures * 1.2.3.Factors Influencing Segregation, Mixing, and Ordering in Nanoalloys * 1.3. Passivated, Coated, and Supported Nanoalloys * 1.3.1.Passivated Clusters and Colloids * 1.3.2.Supported Nanoalloys * 1.3.3.Bimetallic Transition-Metal Carbonyl Clusters * 1.4. Applications of Nanoalloys * 1.4.1.Catalysis * 1.4.2.Optical Properties * 1.4.3.Magnetic Properties * 1.4.4. Biodiagnostics * 2.Methods for Generating Nanoalloys * 2.1.Molecular Beams * 2.2.Chemical Reduction * 2.2.1.Co-Reduction * 2.2.2.Successive Reduction: Reaction of Preformed Clusters * 2.2.3.Reduction of Co-Complexes * 2.3.Thermal Decomposition of Transition-Metal Complexes * 2.4. Ion Implantation * 2.5.Electrochemical Synthesis * 2.5.1.Electrodeposition at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces * 2.6.Radiolysis * 2.7. Sonochemical Synthesis * 2.8.Biosynthesis * 2.8.1.Biomimetic Synthesis * 2.8.2. In-Vivo Biogeneration of Nanoparticles * 3.Experimental Techniques for Characterization of Nanoalloys * 3.1.Mass Spectrometry * 3.2.Diffraction * 3.3. Microscopy * 3.3.1.Electron Microscopy * 3.3.2.Scanning Probe Microscopy * 3.4. X-ray Spectroscopy * 3.4.1.X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) * 3.4.2.X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) * 3.5.Energy-Disperse X-ray Microanalysis (EDX, EDS) * 3.6.Other Spectroscopic Techniques * 3.7.Magnetic Measurements * 3.8.Ion Spectroscopy/Scattering (IS) * 3.9.Electrochemistry * 4.Theoretical Framework and Computational Methods for Studying Nanoalloys * 4.1.Modeling the PES of Nanoalloys * 4.1.1.Structural Optimization of Nanoalloys * 4.1.2.Thermodynamics, Diffusion, and Growth Kinetics * 4.2.Analysis of Geometric Structures and Mixing Patterns of Nanoalloys * 4.3.Energetic Stability Indexes and Mixing Energy of Nanoalloys * 5.Structural, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of Nanoalloys * 5.1.Nanoalloys of Group 11 (Cu, Ag, Au) * 5.1.1.Cu-Ag * 5.1.2.Cu-Au * 5.1.3.Ag-Au * 5.1.4.Cu-Ag-Au * 5.2.Nanoalloys of Group 10 (Ni, Pd, Pt) * 5.2.1.Ni-Pd * 5.2.2.Ni-Pt * 5.2.3.Pd-Pt * 5.3.Group 10-Group 11 Nanoalloys * 5.3.1.Ni-Cu * 5.3.2.Ni-Ag * 5.3.3.Ni-Au * 5.3.4.Cu-Pd * 5.3.5.Cu-Pt * 5.3.6.Pd-Ag * 5.3.7.Pd-Au * 5.3.8.Pt-Ag * 5.3.9.Pt-Au * 5.4.Other Transition-Metal-Transition-Metal Bimetallic Nanoalloys * 5.4.1.Fe-Co * 5.4.2.Fe-Ni * 5.4.3.Co-Ni * 5.4.4.Co-Cu * 5.4.5.Fe-Ag * 5.4.6.Co-Ag and Co-Pd * 5.4.7.Co-Rh and Ni-Rh * 5.4.8.Cu-Ru * 5.4.9.Fe-Pt and Co-Pt * 5.4.10.Fe-Au and Co-Au * 5.4.11.(Ru, Rh, Re)-Pt * 5.4.12.(V,Nb,W)-Au * 5.5.Transition-Metal-Main-Group-Metal Nanoalloys * 5.5.1.Ni-Al * 5.5.2.Cu-Zn * 5.5.3.(Cu,Ag,Au)-Main-Group Element * 6.Catalysis by Nanoalloys * 6.1. Ni-Pd * 6.2.Ni-Pt * 6.3.Pd-Pt * 6.4.Ni-Au * 6.5.Cu-Pd * 6.6.Cu-Pt * 6.7.Pd-Au * 6.8. Pt-Au * 6.9. Co-Ni * 6.10.Co-Pt * 6.11.Ru-Pd * 6.12.Ru-Pt * 6.13.Rh-Pt * 6.14.Re-Ir * 6.15.Mo-Pt * 7.Melting of Nanoalloys * 7.1.Melting of Bi-Pb Nanoalloys * 7.2.Depletion Effect * 7.3.Melting of Cu-Au and Ag-Au clusters * 7.4.Phase Changes and Their Dynamics in Small Ni-Al Clusters * 7.5.Melting of Core-Shell Clusters * 7.6.Single-Impurity Effect on Cluster Melting * 7.7.Melting of Mixed Alkali-Metal Clusters * 8.Intermixing Kinetics, Freezing, Growth, and Coalescence of Nanoalloys * 8.1.Fast Intermixing Kinetics of Cu-Au Clusters * 8.2.Freezing of Ni-Al and Au-Pd Clusters * 8.3.Growth of Core-Shell and Three-Shell Cu-Ag, Ni-Ag, and Pd-Ag Clusters * 8.4.Coalescence of Nanoalloys * 9.Ternary Nanoalloy Clusters * 10.Conclusions and Future Outlook * 11.List of Abbreviations * 12.Acknowledgments * 13.References |
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