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求翻译（纳米材料）
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The structural characterization was carried out using the X-ray diffractomerter Bruker (Karlsruhe, Germany) D8 advanced system with a diffracted beam monochromatic Cu Kαradiation (λ= 1.5405 Å  radiation source between the Bragg Angles 20˚to 80˚in stepsof 0.04˚/Sec. The 2θvs. intensity data obtained from this experiment and plotted a graph as shown in Figure 1. The X-ray diffraction pattern, crystalline phases were identified by comparison with PDF-4 reference data from the international centre for diffraction data (ICDD). All Bragg reflections have been indexed, which confirm the formation of cubic spinel structure in single phase without any impurity peak. The strongest reflection comes from the (311) plane, which denotes the spinel phase. The peaks indexed to (111), (220), (311), (400), (511) and (440) planes of a cubic unit cell, all planes are the allowed planes which indicates the formation of cubic spinel structure in single phase [36]. The crystallite size was calculated for the all the com- positions using the high intensity 311 peak and using Scherrer Formula [37] while taking into account the in- strumental broading [38]. where Dhklis the crystalline size perpendicular to (hkl) pane, λ: the wave length of X-ray [39] used, β: width of diffraction peak i.e., Full Width Half Maxima (FWHM) θ: the peak position. The calculated values of crystallite size for the different compositions are given in Table 1. It can be seen from the table that the values of the crystal size veries from 36.7 nm to 58.91 nm. Though all the samples were prepared under identical condition, the crystallite size was not the same for all Cu concentrations. This was probably due to the preparation condition fol- lowed here which gave rise to different rate of ferrite formation for different concentrations of Cu, favoring the variation of crystallite size. Conventional methods need to high temperatures and prolonged heating time [40,41], but in this method, ferrite phase can produce very fast at low temperature. The values of lattice parameter (a) for all the composi- tions of Ni-Cu nano ferrites have been calculated from the values of d-Spacings and are given in Table |
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