±±¾©Ê¯ÓÍ»¯¹¤Ñ§Ôº2026ÄêÑо¿ÉúÕÐÉú½ÓÊÕµ÷¼Á¹«¸æ
²é¿´: 8666  |  »Ø¸´: 254
¡¾½±Àø¡¿ ±¾Ìû±»ÆÀ¼Û215´Î£¬×÷ÕßÀ×¹âÔÂÔö¼Ó½ð±Ò 169.6 ¸ö

À×¹âÔÂ

ľ³æÖ®Íõ (ÎÄ̳¾«Ó¢)


[×ÊÔ´] ¡·¡·¡·¡·¡·¡·¡·¡·¡·¡·´«ÆæÊé¼®¡¶Ê¯ÓÍ»¯Ñ§Óë¼¼Êõ¡·Ó¢Îİæ 5th edition

ÊéÃûThe Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum 5th
×÷ÕßJ a m e s G . S p e i g h t
ÓïÑÔ Ó¢Óï
Ò³Êý 942
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-7390-8
³ö°æÉçCRC
Ŀ¼Preface.......................................................................................................................................... xxiii
Author.............................................................................................................................................xxv
Section I History, Occurrence, and Recovery
Chapter 1 History and Terminology..............................................................................................3
1.1 Historical Perspectives.......................................................................................3
1.2 Modern Perspectives..........................................................................................9
1.3 Definitions and Terminology............................................................................ 12
1.4 Native Materials............................................................................................... 14
1.4.1 Petroleum............................................................................................ 14
1.4.2 Opportunity Crudes and High-Acid Crudes....................................... 15
1.4.3 Heavy Oil............................................................................................ 16
1.4.4 Foamy Oil............................................................................................ 16
1.4.5 Extra Heavy Oil................................................................................... 17
1.4.6 Bitumen............................................................................................... 17
1.4.7 Wax...................................................................................................... 18
1.4.8 Asphaltite and Asphaltoid................................................................... 18
1.4.9 Bituminous Rock and Bituminous Sand............................................. 19
1.4.10 Kerogen...............................................................................................20
1.4.11 Natural Gas.........................................................................................20
1.5 Manufactured Materials...................................................................................22
1.5.1 Wax......................................................................................................22
1.5.2 Resid....................................................................................................22
1.5.3 Asphalt................................................................................................23
1.5.4 Tar and Pitch.......................................................................................23
1.5.5 Coke.....................................................................................................24
1.5.6 Synthetic Crude Oil.............................................................................24
1.6 Derived Materials.............................................................................................24
1.6.1 Asphaltenes, Carbenes, and Carboids.................................................24
1.6.2 Resins and Oils....................................................................................25
1.7 Oil Prices..........................................................................................................26
1.7.1 Pricing Strategies................................................................................26
1.7.2 Oil Price History.................................................................................27
1.7.3 Future of Oil........................................................................................28
1.7.4 Epilogue..............................................................................................28
References...................................................................................................................28
Chapter 2 Classification............................................................................................................... 31
2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 31
2.2 Classification Systems...................................................................................... 32
2.2.1 Classification as a Hydrocarbon Resource.......................................... 32
2.2.2 Classification by Chemical Composition............................................34
2.2.3 Correlation Index................................................................................. 35
vi Contents
2.2.4 Density................................................................................................36
2.2.5 API Gravity........................................................................................37
2.2.6 Viscosity.............................................................................................38
2.2.7 Carbon Distribution............................................................................38
2.2.8 Viscosity-Gravity Constant................................................................38
2.2.9 UOP Characterization Factor............................................................. 39
2.2.10 Recovery Method............................................................................... 39
2.2.11 Pour Point...........................................................................................40
2.3 Miscellaneous Systems..................................................................................... 41
2.4 Reservoir Classification.................................................................................... 42
2.4.1 Identification and Quantification........................................................ 42
2.4.2 Future..................................................................................................44
References...................................................................................................................44
Chapter 3 Origin and Occurrence................................................................................................ 47
3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 47
3.2 Origin............................................................................................................... 47
3.2.1 Abiogenic Origin................................................................................48
3.2.2 Biogenic Origin..................................................................................49
3.2.2.1 Deposition of Organic Matter............................................. 51
3.2.2.2 Establishment of Source Beds............................................ 51
3.2.2.3 Nature of the Source Material............................................ 53
3.2.2.4 Transformation of Organic Matter into Petroleum............. 55
3.2.2.5 Accumulation in Reservoir Sediments............................... 57
3.2.2.6 In Situ Transformation of Petroleum.................................. 61
3.2.3 Differences between Abiogenic Theory and Biogenic Theory..........64
3.2.4 Relationship of Petroleum Composition and Properties....................65
3.3 Occurrence....................................................................................................... 67
3.3.1 Reserves.............................................................................................. 67
3.3.2 Conventional Petroleum..................................................................... 70
3.3.3 Natural Gas......................................................................................... 71
3.3.4 Heavy Oil........................................................................................... 72
3.3.5 Bitumen.............................................................................................. 73
References................................................................................................................... 75
Chapter 4 Reservoirs and Reservoir Fluids................................................................................. 79
4.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 79
4.2 Reservoirs......................................................................................................... 79
4.2.1 Structural Types.................................................................................80
4.2.2 Heterogeneity...................................................................................... 81
4.3 Classes of Fluids...............................................................................................82
4.4 Evaluation of Reservoir Fluids.........................................................................83
4.4.1 Sampling Methods..............................................................................84
4.4.2 Data Acquisition and QA/QC.............................................................85
4.5 Physical Composition and Molecular Weight..................................................87
4.5.1 Asphaltene Separation........................................................................87
4.5.2 Fractionation.......................................................................................89
4.5.3 Molecular Weight............................................................................... 91
4.6 Reservoir Evaluation........................................................................................95
References...................................................................................................................96
Contents vii
Chapter 5 Kerogen.......................................................................................................................99
5.1 Introduction......................................................................................................99
5.2 Properties..........................................................................................................99
5.3 Composition.................................................................................................... 102
5.4 Classification.................................................................................................. 102
5.5 Isolation.......................................................................................................... 104
5.6 Methods for Probing Kerogen Structure........................................................ 104
5.6.1 Ultimate (Elemental) Analysis.......................................................... 104
5.6.2 Functional Group Analysis............................................................... 105
5.6.3 Oxidation........................................................................................... 105
5.6.4 Thermal Methods.............................................................................. 106
5.6.5 Acid-Catalyzed Hydrogenolysis........................................................ 107
5.7 Structural Models........................................................................................... 107
5.8 Kerogen Maturation........................................................................................ 109
References................................................................................................................. 111
Chapter 6 Exploration, Recovery, and Transportation............................................................... 115
6.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 115
6.2 Exploration..................................................................................................... 116
6.2.1 Gravity Methods................................................................................ 117
6.2.2 Magnetic Methods............................................................................. 118
6.2.3 Seismic Methods............................................................................... 119
6.2.4 Electrical Methods............................................................................ 119
6.2.5 Electromagnetic Methods................................................................. 120
6.2.6 Radioactive Methods......................................................................... 120
6.2.7 Borehole Logging.............................................................................. 120
6.3 Drilling........................................................................................................... 121
6.3.1 Preparing to Drill.............................................................................. 121
6.3.2 Drilling Equipment........................................................................... 122
6.3.3 Drilling Rig.......................................................................................124
6.3.4 Drilling.............................................................................................. 125
6.4 Well Completion............................................................................................. 125
6.5 Recovery......................................................................................................... 126
6.5.1 Primary Recovery............................................................................. 128
6.5.2 Secondary Recovery......................................................................... 130
6.5.3 Enhanced Oil Recovery.................................................................... 132
6.6 Products and Product Quality........................................................................ 141
6.7 Transportation................................................................................................ 142
References.................................................................................................................¡·¡·¡·¡·¡·¡·¡·¡·¡·¡·´«ÆæÊé¼®¡¶Ê¯ÓÍ»¯Ñ§Óë¼¼Êõ¡·Ó¢Îİæ 5th edition
ÏÂÔØ.jpg
»Ø¸´´ËÂ¥

» ±¾Ìû¸½¼þ×ÊÔ´Áбí

  • »¶Ó­¼à¶½ºÍ·´À¡£ºÐ¡Ä¾³æ½öÌṩ½»Á÷ƽ̨£¬²»¶Ô¸ÃÄÚÈݸºÔð¡£
    ±¾ÄÚÈÝÓÉÓû§×ÔÖ÷·¢²¼£¬Èç¹ûÆäÄÚÈÝÉæ¼°µ½ÖªÊ¶²úȨÎÊÌ⣬ÆäÔðÈÎÔÚÓÚÓû§±¾ÈË£¬Èç¶Ô°æÈ¨ÓÐÒìÒ飬ÇëÁªÏµÓÊÏ䣺xiaomuchong@tal.com
  • ¸½¼þ 1 : (Chemical_Industries_137)_James_G._Speight-The_Chemistry_and_Technology_of_.pdf
  • 2014-04-25 22:01:13, 15.86 M

» ÊÕ¼±¾ÌûµÄÌÔÌûר¼­ÍƼö

¾­µä×ÊÔ´Ìû רҵÊé¼®£¨ÍâÎİ棩WM ¡¾ÓлúÍâÎĽ̲ġ¿Óлú»¯Ñ§¡¢¸ßµÈÓлú¡¢ÓлúºÏ³É AllenµÄÓ¢ÎÄÔ­°æ+°Ù¿Æ
Сľ³æÓ¢Óïѧϰ ÎÒµÄÎļþ¡ª¡ªÖµµÃÊÕ²Ø µç»¯Ñ§&ÓлúºÏ³É »¯¹¤
Êý¾Ý´¦Àí µç×Ó×ÊÔ´ ʵÑéʹÊ---ÒªÃüѽ ¸ßÖÐ×ÊÁÏ
»¯¹¤ÓÅÐãÊé¼® »¯¹¤Éè¼ÆÈëÃÅÆª ʯÓÍÓ뻯¹¤ Êé¼®
ÌìÈ»Æø¼Ó¹¤¹¤³Ì ͼÊé ºó·¢ Ñ©Ñ©Ñ©

» ±¾ÌûÒÑ»ñµÃµÄºì»¨£¨×îÐÂ10¶ä£©

» ²ÂÄãϲ»¶

» ±¾Ö÷ÌâÏà¹Ø¼ÛÖµÌùÍÆ¼ö£¬¶ÔÄúͬÑùÓаïÖú:

ÒÑÔÄ   »Ø¸´´ËÂ¥   ¹Ø×¢TA ¸øTA·¢ÏûÏ¢ ËÍTAºì»¨ TAµÄ»ØÌû

0212119

ľ³æ (СÓÐÃûÆø)


¡ï¡ï¡ï¡ï¡ï ÎåÐǼ¶,ÓÅÐãÍÆ¼ö

²»´í£¬ºÜºÃµÄ¶«Î÷
29Â¥2014-04-28 14:46:24
ÒÑÔÄ   »Ø¸´´ËÂ¥   ¹Ø×¢TA ¸øTA·¢ÏûÏ¢ ËÍTAºì»¨ TAµÄ»ØÌû
¼òµ¥»Ø¸´
feng58002Â¥
2014-04-25 22:20   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
zch66820033Â¥
2014-04-26 05:58   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
yanzr4Â¥
2014-04-26 07:27   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
2014-04-26 08:42   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
2014-04-26 11:50   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
2014-04-26 16:48   »Ø¸´  
ÈýÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
2014-04-27 00:05   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
marchfeng9Â¥
2014-04-27 00:37   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
yic_chxia10Â¥
2014-04-27 07:44   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
jackiemwd11Â¥
2014-04-27 07:54   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
2014-04-27 10:15   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
wangyan5ok13Â¥
2014-04-27 10:21   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥ [ ·¢×ÔСľ³æ¿Í»§¶Ë ]
dudubaobao14Â¥
2014-04-27 11:15   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
awmc200815Â¥
2014-04-27 11:32   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
fliboy16Â¥
2014-04-27 13:05   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
dingdelong17Â¥
2014-04-27 13:43   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
2014-04-27 15:17   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
pw201019Â¥
2014-04-27 18:11   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
victory360920Â¥
2014-04-27 19:32   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
2014-04-27 19:50   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
ÇØºº22Â¥
2014-04-27 20:38   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
uminj23Â¥
2014-04-27 20:58   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
28260012024Â¥
2014-04-28 08:49   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
¼×ÏÈÉú25Â¥
2014-04-28 10:35   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
lnf11726Â¥
2014-04-28 11:14   »Ø¸´  
Ò»°ã  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
1314168apple27Â¥
2014-04-28 12:18   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
gate_open28Â¥
2014-04-28 12:50   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
ʰ±´ÈË30Â¥
2014-04-28 16:26   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
gxgxyshlb60431Â¥
2014-04-28 18:56   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
jiangliuhan32Â¥
2014-04-28 20:05   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
zyluck2233Â¥
2014-04-28 22:47   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
xiaolove200034Â¥
2014-04-28 23:50   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
Óð¼Ñ32535Â¥
2014-04-29 07:46   »Ø¸´  
Ò»°ã  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
yanzr36Â¥
2014-04-29 07:59   »Ø¸´  
¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
2014-04-29 12:15   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
ËÕº¼198638Â¥
2014-04-29 12:29   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
polarisboy39Â¥
2014-04-29 13:01   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
sunnywoods40Â¥
2014-04-29 14:13   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
slp1641Â¥
2014-04-29 14:17   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
xzc1200042Â¥
2014-04-29 15:24   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
hzh2007042843Â¥
2014-04-29 18:07   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
2014-04-29 18:55   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
yaya21345Â¥
2014-04-29 23:23   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
ldc12345678946Â¥
2014-04-30 12:20   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
ycl1225047Â¥
2014-04-30 14:19   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
ɳÀË33048Â¥
2014-05-01 23:20   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
ÕÅÀÉ66049Â¥
2014-05-02 08:03   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
2014-05-02 09:51   »Ø¸´  
ÎåÐÇºÃÆÀ  ¶¥Ò»Ï£¬¸Ðл·ÖÏí£¡
Ïà¹Ø°æ¿éÌø×ª ÎÒÒª¶©ÔÄÂ¥Ö÷ À×¹âÔ µÄÖ÷Ìâ¸üÐÂ
¡î ÎÞÐǼ¶ ¡ï Ò»ÐǼ¶ ¡ï¡ï¡ï ÈýÐǼ¶ ¡ï¡ï¡ï¡ï¡ï ÎåÐǼ¶
×î¾ßÈËÆøÈÈÌûÍÆ¼ö [²é¿´È«²¿] ×÷Õß »Ø/¿´ ×îºó·¢±í
[¿¼ÑÐ] ÉúÎïѧ363µ÷¼ÁÇóÖú +3 fanzhang6666 2026-04-06 4/200 2026-04-07 09:18 by rzh123456
[¿¼ÑÐ] 287·ÖÇóµ÷¼Á ÓÐרÀû¹ú½±Ò»Ö¾Ô¸¹þ¹¤´ó085406 +6 °×Ò׳½ 2026-04-06 7/350 2026-04-06 22:46 by 875465
[¿¼ÑÐ] 349Çóµ÷¼Á +11 zwjjjjjj 2026-03-31 12/600 2026-04-06 21:27 by zwjjjjjj
[¿¼ÑÐ] ²ÄÁϵ÷¼Á +10 Ò»ÑùYWY 2026-04-06 10/500 2026-04-06 21:05 by lbsjt
[¿¼ÑÐ] 270·ÖÇóµ÷¼Á +5 maxjxbsk 2026-04-01 5/250 2026-04-06 15:32 by lin-da
[¿¼ÑÐ] 346·ÖµÄÉúÎïÓëÒ½Ò©08600Çóµ÷¼Á +6 ³£ÓêÑôÉϰ¶ 2026-04-05 7/350 2026-04-06 12:36 by lys0704
[¿¼ÑÐ] Çóµ÷¼Á +10 chenxrlkx 2026-04-05 10/500 2026-04-06 11:31 by Öí»á·É
[¿¼ÑÐ] 348Çóµ÷¼Á +3 ³µÀå×Ózzz 2026-04-05 3/150 2026-04-05 20:30 by à£à£à£0119
[¿¼ÑÐ] ²ÄÁϵ÷¼Á +7 dxyµ÷¼Á 2026-04-04 7/350 2026-04-05 09:15 by İÇï26
[¿¼ÑÐ] ¿¼Ñе÷¼Á +11 СsunÒªºÃÔË 2026-04-04 11/550 2026-04-05 08:02 by qlm5820
[¿¼ÑÐ] ²ÄÁÏ¿ÆÑ§Ó빤³Ì339Çóµ÷¼Á +12 hyz0119 2026-03-31 13/650 2026-04-03 18:33 by lsÁõ˧
[¿¼ÑÐ] 338Çóµ÷¼Á +4 zzz£¬£¬r 2026-04-03 4/200 2026-04-03 16:39 by lijunpoly
[¿¼ÑÐ] Ò»Ö¾Ô¸±±¾©½»Í¨´óѧ²ÄÁϹ¤³Ì×Ü·Ö358 +4 cs0106 2026-04-03 4/200 2026-04-03 13:41 by °ÙÁéͯ888
[¿¼ÑÐ] 320Çóµ÷¼Á +3 ũҵ¹¤³ÌÓëÐÅÏ¢¼ 2026-04-03 3/150 2026-04-03 11:40 by ÍÁľ˶ʿÕÐÉú
[¿¼ÑÐ] 285Çóµ÷¼Á +8 AZMK 2026-04-02 11/550 2026-04-02 20:16 by yulian1987
[¿¼ÑÐ] 348Çóµ÷¼Á +11 zzzzyk123 2026-04-01 11/550 2026-04-02 16:52 by Wang200018
[¿¼ÑÐ] 0856³õÊÔ324·ÖÇóµ÷¼Á +6 ÏëÉÏѧÇóµ÷ 2026-04-01 6/300 2026-04-02 11:42 by ÐÇ¿ÕÐÇÔÂ
[¿¼ÑÐ] Ò»Ö¾Ô¸ÏÃÃÅ´óѧ»¯Ñ§¹¤³Ì£¨×¨Ë¶£©-Êý¶þÓ¢¶þ406·Ö-Çóµ÷¼Á +5 Ïô󻯹¤ 2026-04-01 5/250 2026-04-02 10:03 by jp9609
[¿¼ÑÐ] 279Çóµ÷¼Á +6 ѧ¶øË¼ÙâÖª 2026-04-01 6/300 2026-04-02 09:16 by vgtyfty
[¿¼ÑÐ] 310·ÖÇóµ÷¼Á +4 ³É¹¦Éϰ¶wang 2026-04-01 4/200 2026-04-01 20:35 by liu823948201
ÐÅÏ¢Ìáʾ
ÇëÌî´¦ÀíÒâ¼û