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[×ÊÔ´] Chem. Rev.×îÐÂ×ÛÊö£º»ùÓÚÑôÀë×Ó¾ÛºÏÎïµÄÄÉÃ×Á£×Ó¼°ÄÉÃ×Äý½º

Cationic Polymer Nanoparticles and Nanogels: From Synthesis to Biotechnological Applications ¹²62Ò³ ÒýÎÄ480ƪ
Jose Ramos,† Jacqueline Forcada,* ,† and Roque Hidalgo-Alvarez* ,‡
†POLYMAT, Bionanoparticles Group, Departamento de Qu¨ªmica Aplicada, UFI 11/56, Facultad de Ciencias Qu¨ªmicas, Universidad del Pa¨ªs Vasco UPV/EHU, Apdo. 1072, 20080 Donostia-San Sebastia ́ n, Spain
‡Grupo de F¨ªsica de Fluidos y Biocoloides, Departamento de F¨ªsica Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
Corresponding Authors
* E-mail: jacqueline.forcada@ehu.es.
* E-mail: rhidalgo@ugr.es.

In the past several decades, aqueous polymeric dispersions prepared by means of polymerization processes in dispersed media to produce polymeric particles having diameters in the colloidal range, have garnered increasing interest from both academic and industrial points of view. These nanoparticles are used in a large variety of applications, e.g., adhesives, water-based coatings, textile, paper, additives, and fl occulants. They are also suitable for use as fi ne or highly added value polymeric materials for medical diagnostic tests, antibody puri fi cations, drug delivery systems, and material for calibrations. Monodisperse polymer colloids have proved to be very useful model systems for studying various colloidal phenomena and developing di ff erent technological applications. Most of the experiments reported have been performed with negatively charged particles, and relatively little attention has been paid to positively charged samples. It is usual in the literature of polymer colloids to use the expression ¡° cationic latexes ¡± to designate the cationic polymeric particles. In this review the synthesis of cationic polymer particles and nanogels by emulsion polymerization will be comprehensively revised. An in-depth study on the kinetics of cationic systems will be detailed and compared with that of well-known anionic systems. Then polymeric and colloidal features of the cationic particles/nanogels will be revised, and fi nally, some biotechnological applications of cationic particles/nanogels will be described in detail.

CONTENTS
1. Introduction 367
2. Designing the Cationic System 369
2.1. Cationic Monomers and Polymers 369
2.2. Cationic Initiators 370
2.3. Cationic Surfactants 370
3. Cationic Latexes 371
3.1. Synthesis Strategies To Produce Cationic Latexes 372
3.1.1. Unseeded Emulsion Polymerization Processes 372
3.1.2. Seeded Emulsion Polymerization Processes 382
3.1.3. Other Polymerization Processes in Dispersed Media 386
3.2. Characterization of Cationic Latexes 386
3.3. Applications of Cationic Latexes 388
3.3.1. Adsorption of Proteins on Cationic Latexes 388
3.3.2. Latex Immunoassay Aggregation 392
3.3.3. Adsorption of Polyelectrolytes and Surfactants on Cationic Latexes 394
3.3.4. Heteroaggregation of Colloidal Dispersions 399
3.3.5. Colloidal Monolayer Formed by Cationic
Latex Particles at the Air − Water Interface 404
3.3.6. Deposition of Cationic Latexes 404
3.3.7. Cationic Latexes as Catalyst Supports 406
3.3.8. Film Formation with Cationic Latexes 406
4. Cationic Micro/Nanogels 407
4.1. Strategies To Produce Cationic Micro/Nanogels, Characterizations, and Applications 408
4.1.1. Conventional Production of Micro/Nanogels 408
4.1.2. Nonconventional Production of Micro/Nanogels 414
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives 419
Author Information 421
Corresponding Authors 421
Notes 421
Biographies 421
Acknowledgments 421
Dedication 422
References 422ÇëС»ï°éÃÇÏÂÔØºó¸ø¸öºÃÆÀ£¡Chem. Rev.×îÐÂ×ÛÊö£º»ùÓÚÑôÀë×Ó¾ÛºÏÎïµÄÄÉÃ×Á£×Ó¼°ÄÉÃ×Äý½º
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