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Supporting Online Material for Candle Soot as a Template for a Transparent Robust Superamphiphobic Coating Xu Deng, Lena Mammen, Hans-Jürgen Butt, Doris Vollmer* *To whom correspondence should be adddressed. E-mail: vollmerd@mpip-mainz.mpg.de Published 1 December 2011 on Science Express DOI: 10.1126/science.1207115 This PDF file includes: Materials and Methods SOM Text Figs. S1 to S11 Tables S1 and S2 References Captions for Movies S1 to S3 Other Supporting Online Material for this manuscript includes the following: (available at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/science.1207115/DC1) Movies S1 to S3 Materials and Methods Materials Tetraethoxysilane (TES) (Acros Organics, 98%), ammonia (VWR, 28%), (tridecafluoro- 1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)-1-trichlorosilane (Sigma Aldrich, 97%), milli-Q water, diiodomethane, ethylene glycol, penaut oil (commercial), olive oil (commercial), hexadecane and tetradecane were used without further purification. Characterization The morphology of the soot particles and the coating were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (low voltage LEO 1530 Gemini, Germany, and SU8000, Hitachi, Japan). The samples were prepared on a silicon wafer and investigated without further treatment. After calcination the hollow silica networks were imaged by Transmission Electron Microscopy (FEI, 200 kV). Static, advancing, receding, and roll off angles were measured with a contact angle meter, Dataphysics OCA35 (Data Physics Instruments GmbH, Germany). Transmission was measured using an ultraviolet-visible spectrometer (Lambda 900, Perkin Elmer) in double-beam mode, using an uncovered glass slide as a reference. High speed movies were taken with a high speed camera (Photron, Fastcam SA1). Methods Chemical vapor deposition of TES: The soot coated substrates (glass or silicon) were placed in a desiccator together with two open glass vessels containing about 2 ml of tetraethoxysilane (TES) and aqueous ammonia solution, respectively (Fig. S1). The desiccator was closed again and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of TES was carried out for 24 h, if not stated otherwise. Similar to a Stöber reaction (33), silica is formed by hydrolysis and condensation of TES catalysed by ammonia (34). Fig. S1. Sketch of a desiccator together with the soot coated substrate (middle) and two glass vessels, containing tetraethoxysilane (TES) and ammonia solution (NH3), respectively. Silica shells prepared by the Stöber reaction are nano-porous. During calcination, carbon (in general a polymer) cores thermally degrade and carbon diffuses through the silica shell (35-37). After calcination of the fractal-like carbon/silica network at 600°C for 2 h in air, the hydrophilic silica coating is hollow. To transform it into a superamphiphobic coating chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of a semi-fluorinated silane on the films was performed. Therefore, the coated substrate and an open glass vessel containing about 0.1 |
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