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[资源] 2014年新著——石墨烯：凝聚态物质和器件中的新范例（英文版）

E. L. Wolf, "Graphene: A New Paradigm in Condensed Matter and Device Physics"
2014 | ISBN-10: 0199645868 | 320 pages | PDF | 6,7 MB

The book is an introduction to the science and possible applications of Graphene, the first one-atom-thick crystalline form of matter. Discovered in 2004 by now Nobelists Geim and Novoselov, the single layer of graphite, a hexagonal network of carbon atoms, has astonishing electrical and mechanical properties. It supports the highest electrical current density of any material, far exceeding metals copper and silver. Its absolute minimum thickness, 0.34 nanometers, provides an inherent advantage in possible forms of digital electronics past the era of Moore's Law.

The book describes the unusual physics of the material, that it offers linear rather than parabolic energy bands. The Dirac-like electron energy bands lead to high constant carrier speed, similar to light photons. The lattice symmetry further implies a two-component wave-function, which has a practical effect of cancelling direct backscattering of carriers. The resulting high carrier mobility allows observation of the Quantum Hall Effect at room temperature, unique to Graphene. The material is two-dimensional, but in sizes micrometers nearly to meters displays great tensile strength but vanishing resistance to bending.

The book reviews theoretical predictions of excessive atomic vibrational motion, tied to the dimensionality. As explained, these predictions seem not of practical consequence, and such effects are unobservable in samples up to nearly one meter size. The disintegration temperature of this refractory material is estimated as 4900K, certainly higher than the measured sublimation temperature of graphite, 3900K. As explained, applications of Graphene come in classes that range from additives to composite materials to field effect transistor elements capable of extremely high frequency operation. The classes of applications correlate with differing methods of fabrication, from inexpensive chemical exfoliations of graphite, to chemical vapour deposition on catalytic substrates as Cu and Ni, at temperatures around 1300K. The book reviews potential applications within existing electronics, to include interconnect wires, flash-memory elements, and high frequency field effect transistors. The chance to supplant the dominant CMOS family of silicon logic devices is assessed.
Contents
1  Introduction
            1
1.1 “Crystals” one atom thick: a new paradigm
  1
1.2 Roles of symmetry and topology
      7
1.2.1  Linear bands,  “massless Dirac”  particles                                           7
1.2.2  “Pseudo-spins” from dual sublattices and helicity                            11
1.3 Analogies to relativistic physics  backed  by experiment                            14
1.4 Possibility of carbon  ring electronics
      17
1.5 Nobel Prize  in Physics  in 2010 to  Andre  K.  Geim
and Konstantin S. Novoselov
17
1.6 Perspective, scope and organization
   18
2  Physics in  two dimensions (2D)                                                             20
2.1 Introduction
                     20
2.2 2D electrons  on liquid helium and in semiconductors                               21
2.3 The quantum  Hall eﬀect, unique to 2D
  24
2.3.1  Hall eﬀect at low magnetic  ﬁeld
25
2.3.2  High ﬁeld eﬀects
      27
2.3.3  von Klitzing’s discovery of the quantized  Hall eﬀect                         28
2.4 Formal  theorems  on 2D long-range order
32
2.4.1  Absolute  vs. relative thermal  motions in 2D                                     32
2.4.2  The Hohenberg–Landau–Mermin–Peierls–Wagner Theorem             38
2.4.3  2D vs. 2D embedded  in 3D
39
2.4.4  Soft membrane,  crumpling  instability                                           40
2.5 Predictions against  growth of 2D crystals                                              44
2.6 “Artiﬁcial” methods for creating  2D crystals                                        45
2.7 Elastic  behavior  of thin plates  and ribbons
   45
2.7.1  Strain  Nomenclature  and Energies                                                       47
2.7.2  Curvature and Gaussian  curvature                                              49
2.7.3  Isometric  distortions  of a soft inextensible membrane                      50
2.7.4  Vibrations and waves  on elastic  sheets  and ribbons  of graphene    51
2.7.5  An excursion  into one dimension
55
3  Carbon in  atomic, molecular and  crystalline (3D and  2D)
forms
                              57
3.1 Atomic carbon  C: (1s)2 (2s)2 (2p)2
                           57
3.1.1. Wavefunctions for principal  quantum  numbers
n = 1 and n = 2                                                                   58
3.1.2  Linear combinations  of n = 2 wavefunctions
3.1.2  Linear combinations  of n = 2 wavefunctions
3.1.3  Two-electron  states  as relevant to covalent  bonding                         61
3.1.4  Pauli  principle  and ﬁlled states  of the carbon  atom                         61
3.2 Molecular  carbon:  CH4, C6 H6 , C60
                        63
3.2.1  Covalent  bonding in simple molecules                                                 63
3.2.2  Methane CH4 : tetrahedral bonding                                                    67
3.2.3  Benzene C6 H6 : sp2  and π bonding                                                    68
3.2.4  Fullerene  C60
                                       81
3.2.5  Graphane  and Fluorographene                                                          82
3.3 Crystals: diamond  and graphite
      83
3.3.1  Mined graphite
         83
3.3.2  Synthetic  “Kish” graphite
83
3.3.3  Synthetic  HOPG: Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite                      84
4  Electron bands of graphene
86
4.1 Semimetal  vs. conductor  of relativistic electrons
  86
4.2 Linear bands  of Wallace  and the anomalous  neutral  point                         90
4.2.1  Pseudo-spin  wavefunction
90
4.3 L. Pauling:  graphene  lattice  with “1/3  double-bond character”             92
4.4 McClure: diamagnetism and zero-energy  Landau  level                               92
4.5 Fermi level manipulation by chemical  doping
93
4.6 Bilayer  graphene
                  93
5  Sources and  forms  of graphene
98
5.1 Graphene single-crystals, ﬂakes and cloths
  98
5.1.1  Micro-mechanically cleaved  graphite                                                    98
5.1.2  Chemically  and liquid-exfoliated graphite  ﬂakes                               101
5.2 Epitaxially and catalytically grown crystal layers
108
5.2.1  Epitaxial growth on SiC: Si face vs. C face                                     109
5.2.2  Catalytic growth on Ni or Cu, with transfer                                     112
5.2.3  Large area  roll-to-roll production  of graphene                                  114
5.2.4  Grain structure of CVD graphene  ﬁlms                                           115
5.2.5  Hybrid boron-carbon-nitrogen  BCN ﬁlms                                        118
5.2.6  Atomic layer  deposition
120
5.3 Graphene nanoribbons
   121
5.3.1  Zigzag and armchair  terminations                                                 122
5.3.2  Energy gap at small ribbon width, transistor dynamic  range       123
5.3.3  Chemical synthesis  of perfect  armchair  nanoribbons                      125
6  Experimental probes of graphene                                                          128
6.1 Transport, angle-resolved  photoemission  spectroscopy                            128
6.2 Optical,  Raman  eﬀect, thermal  conductivity                                        129
6.3 Scanning  tunneling  spectroscopy and potentiometry                               132
6.4 Capacitance spectroscopy
133
6.5 Inverse  compressibility  with  scanning  single
electron  transistor (SSET)
   136
7  Mechanical and  physical properties of graphene                                  139
7.1 Experimental aspects  of 2D graphene  crystals                                     139
7.1.1  Classical  (extrinsic) origin of ripples  and  wrinkles
in monolayer  graphene
141
7.1.2  Stability of graphene  in supported  samples  up to 30 inches          146
7.1.3  Phonon dispersion  in graphene
150
7.1.4  Experimental evidence  of nanoscale  roughness                                  158
7.1.5  Electrical  conductivity of graphene  in experiment                         164
7.2 Theoretical  approaches to “intrinsic corrugations”                               169
7.3 Impermeable  even to helium
      176
7.4 Nanoelectromechanical resonators
178
7.5 Metal-insulator Mott–Anderson  transition in ultrapure
screened  graphene
         179
7.6 Absence of “intrinsic ripples” and “minimum  conductivity”
in graphene
            183
8  Anomalous properties of graphene                                                       185
8.1 Sublimation  of graphite  and “melting” of graphene                                  185
8.2 Electron  and  hole puddles,  electrostatic doping and  the
“minimum  conductivity”                                                                      191
8.3 Giant non-locality  in transport
193
8.4 Anomalous  integer  and fractional  quantum  Hall eﬀects                            197
8.5 Absence of backscattering, carrier  mobility
  199
8.6 Proposed  nematic  phase transition in bilayer  graphene                            202
8.7 Klein tunneling,  Dirac equation
      204
8.8 Superconducting proximity eﬀect,  graphene  Josephson
junction
               213
8.9 Quasi-Rydberg impurity  states; Zitterbewegung                                        219
9  Applications of graphene
  223
9.1 Transistor-like devices
            224
9.1.1  High-frequency FET transistors                                                    225
9.1.2  Vertically conﬁgured  graphene  tunneling  FET devices                   231
9.1.3  The graphene  Barristor, a solid state  triode device                         237
9.2 Phototransistors, optical  detectors  and modulators                                  237
9.3 Wide area  conductors, interconnects, solar  cells,  Li-ion
batteries and hydrogen  storage
  244
9.3.1  Interconnects
   248
9.3.2  Hydrogen storage,  supercapacitors                                                 249
9.4 Spintronic  applications of graphene
   251
9.5 Sensors of single molecules,  “electronic nose”
254
9.6 Metrology,  resistance standard
255
9.7 Memory elements
            255
9.8 Prospects for graphene  in new digital  electronics  beyond
CMOS
            257
9.8.1  Optimizing silicon FET switches                                                       257

9.8.2  Potentially manufacturable graphene  FET  devices                         263
9.8.3  Tunneling  FET  devices
264
9.8.4  Manufacturable graphene  tunneling FET  devices                            266

10 Summary and  assessment
270

References
            275

Author Index
         296

Sub ject  Index
            301

2014 | ISBN-10: 0199645868 | 320 pages | PDF | 6,7 MB

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2014-04-10 09:40:00, 6.64 M