| ²é¿´: 131 | »Ø¸´: 0 | |||
| µ±Ç°Ö÷ÌâÒѾ´æµµ¡£ | |||
stredÖÁ×ðľ³æ (ÎÄ̳¾«Ó¢)
À¶Ï輼УÓÅÐã±ÏÒµÉú
|
[½»Á÷]
¹ØÓÚÏà¶ÔÂÛÓëÆä½âµÄʱ¿Õ·ÖÎö
|
||
|
Ò»¡£ÏÁÒåÏà¶ÔÂÛµÄʱ¿Õ½â¼°±È½Ï ÔÚÏÁÒåÏà¶ÔÂÛÖУ¬Á½¹ßÐÔϵÏà¶ÔËÙ¶È Óë ºÍ Æ½ÐÐ £¨1£© £¨ £©Îª ×ø±êϵµÄ×ø±ê£¬£¨ £©Îª ×ø±êϵµÄ×ø±ê£¬Áî £¬ £¬ËùÒԱ任¾ØÕóΪ £¨2£© Èç¹û; ,Ïà¶ÔËÙ¶È ²»±ä£¬ÄÇô (3) ±È½Ï Óë £¨4£© £¨5£© ±È½ÏºóÖªµÀ£¨4£©Ê½=£¨5£©Ê½ £¨6£© ¶þ¡£Ê±¿Õ¹Û²âµÄ¶¨Òå ΪÁ˽Ϸ½±ãµØËµÇå³þ²»Í¬µÄ¹Û²â½á¹ûÓë²»Í¬×ø±êÖ㤶ÈÓëʱ¼äµÄÏ໥±È½Ï µÄ¹ØÏµ£¬ÔÚ×Öĸ¶¥²¿¼Ó3¸öÖ¸±ê£¬ È磺 ¶¨ÒåΪ£º×ó±ßÖ¸±êΪ¹Û²ìÄ¿±êËùÔÚµÄ×ø±êϵ£¬ÖмäÖ¸±êΪ¹Û²ìÕßÑ¡ÔñµÄµ¥ 볤¶ÈÓëʱ¼äËùÔÚµÄ×ø±êϵ£¬ÓÒ±ßÖ¸±êΪ¹Û²ìÕß¹Û²ìʱËùÔÚµÄ×ø±êϵ¡£ÕâÑùÓУº ÆäÖУ¬ ºÍ ÊǹÌÓÐʱ£¬ Óë ÊǹÌÓг¤¶È¡£ Èý¡£ µÄÍÆµ¼ ÔÚÏÁÒåÏà¶ÔÂÛÖÐÓÐ (6.1) ÄÇô£¬ÔÚʲôÌõ¼þÏÂÉÏʽ»áÊÇÆÕÊʵÄÄØ£¿ ÏÈÀ´¿¼²ìÅ·¼¸ÀïµÂ¼¸ºÎ¡£¶Ô¹Û²ìÕß¶øÑÔ£¬ÔÚÅ·¼¸ÀïµÂ¼¸ºÎÖеĶþά¿Õ¼äµÄ×ø ±ê ÖУ¬¹Û²ìµ½µÄµ¥Î»³¤¶È £¬ÓëÔÚÅ·¼¸ÀïµÂ¼¸ºÎÖеĶþά¿Õ¼ä×ø±ê ÖУ¬ ¹Û²ìµ½µÄµ¥Î»³¤¶È ¡£¹Û²ìÕßÊÇÎÞ·¨ÔÚ³¤¶È·½ÃæÇø±ð ºÍ µÄ£¬¼´ £¨7£© ÕâÊÇÅ·¼¸ÀïµÂ¼¸ºÎµÄ¹Û²ìÕß¼ÙÉ裬ҲÊÇ·ûºÏ¾ÑéµÄ¼ÙÉ裬ÒÔǰ´Óδ±»Ö¸³ö¹ý¡£ ¸ù¾ÝÏà¶ÔÂÛ£¬ÔÚËÄάʱ¿Õ×ø±êÖУ¬Ê±¿ÕÁ¿±íʾΪ£º £¨8£© ¹ãÒåÏà¶ÔÂÛÖеIJ»±äÁ¿ÔÀíÈ·¶¨ÁË£¬ÈÎÒâËÄάʱ¿Õ×ø±ê¶¼ÓУ¨8£©Ê½¡£ ÏÖÔÚ£¬ÔÚ·ÇÅ·¼¸ÀïµÂµÄËÄάʱ¿Õ×ø±êÖУ¬ÍƹãÅ·¼¸ÀïµÂ¼¸ºÎµÄ¹Û²ìÕß¼ÙÉè¡£ Ïȶ¨ÒåÒ»ÖÖËÄάʱ¿Õ×ø±ê£¬ÔÚ¹Û²ìÕß¹Û²ìµÄʱ¼äÄÚ£¬Õâ¸ö×ø±êÄÚµÄʱ¿Õ¶È¹æ ʱ¼äÆ½ÒÆ²»±äÐÔºÍ¿Õ¼äÆ½ÒÆ²»±äÐÔ£¬Áî¦ÎÎª×ø±êÄÚʱ¿Õ³¡¦Î= ¦Î ,(i=1,2,3,4)£¬±íʾΪÀLie£©Î¢ÉÌÓÐ ?¦Î g¦Ì¦Ô =0 £¨9£© ¶ø £¨10£© Èç¹ûËùÈ¡µÄʱ¿ÕÌå»ý×㹻С£¬¼´ £¬ÄÇô×Ü¿ÉÒÔ³ÉΪÕâÖÖ×ø±ê¡£ÕâÖÖ×ø ±ê¾ßÓÐÆÕÊÊÐÔ¡£ ÔÚËÄάʱ¿ÕÖÐ,ËæÒâÈ¡Á½¸öÕâÖÖ×ø±ê ºÍ £¬¹Û²ìÕßÔÚ×ø±êÄÚËù¹Û²ìµ½µÄµ¥ λʱ¿ÕÁ¿ ºÍ £¬Èç¹û¹Û²ìÕß²»Óë×ø±êÍâÆäËû×ø±ê±È½ÏµÄ»°£¬ËûÊÇÎÞ·¨ÔÚ Ê±¿ÕÁ¿·½ÃæÇø·ÖËûÔÚ ºÍ×ø±êÄڹ۲쵽µÄµ¥Î»Ê±¿ÕÁ¿ºÍ£¨¹Û²ìÕßÔÚ ×ø±êÄÚ¹Û²ì ʱ£¬Ò²²»ÄÜÓë ×ø±êÄڵıȽϡ£ËûÖ»ÄÜ·Ö±ð¹Û²ì ºÍ ºó£¬ÔÙ±È½Ï ºÍ £©¡£ÕâÊÇËÄάÍäÇúʱ¿ÕµÄ¹Û²ìÕß¼ÙÉè¡£¼´¹Û²ì ÕßÎÞ·¨Çø·Ö²»Í¬µÄÕâÖÖ×ø±êϵµÄ¹ÌÓÐʱ¼äºÍ¹ÌÓг¤¶È¡£ ÕâÑù¹Û²ìÕß¿ÉÒԵõ½ £¨11£© Áî £¬ £¬µÃ£º £¨12£© £¨12.1) ÓÉ£¨9£©Ê½ºÍ£¨10£©Ê½µÄ¶¨Ò壬¹Û²ìÕß×ÜÄÜÈÏΪËûËùÔÚµÄ×ø±êϵÄÚÂú×ã £¨13£© £¨14£© ÄÇôÓÐ £¨6£© Òò ËùÒÔ ÓÐÏàͬµÄÁ¿¸Ù¡£ ËùÒÔ¿ÉÒÔ£¬Áî £¨15£© £¨16£© ÄÇôÓÐ £¨15.1) (16.1) ËùÒÔ (17) ¶øÔÚÉÏÊö¶¨ÒåµÄ×ø±êϵÖУ¬×ÜÓÐ £¨18£© ËùÒÔ £¨19£© ÕâÑù¾ÍÓÐÔÚÉÏÊö¶¨ÒåµÄ×ø±êϵÖУ¬Ê±¼äÁ¿Æ½·½µÄ±ä»¯Á¿Óë¿Õ¼äÁ¿Æ½·½µÄ±ä»¯ Á¿ÏàµÈ¡£Õâ¾ÍÊÇʱ¿ÕµÄ¶Ô³Æ±ä»¯¡£¿ÉдΪ £¨6£© ÕâÀï³ÆÎªÊ±¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛ¡£ÉÏʽµÄ¿Õ¼äÁ¿ÊǹÌÓг¤¶È ºÍ £¬Ê±¼äÁ¿Ôò ²»ÊǹÌÓÐʱ£¬¹ÌÓÐʱ ºÍ ÓÐÏÂÁйØÏµ£º £¨20£© ¶ø ºÍ ²»·ûºÏ ÖеÄÈÎÒ» ÖÖʱ¼äÁ¿µÄ΢·Ö£¬¹Ê £¨16£© ²»ÊÇÕæÊµ¹Û²âÖµ¡£ ËÄ¡£Schwarzchild½âµÄ·ÖÎö ÓÃʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛÇó½âSchwarzchild½âÊ®·Ö¼òµ¥£¬Ôڵõ½ ºó£¬Òò £¨19£© ¿ÉµÃ £¨15.2) (16.1) (13.1) ÏÂÃæÓùãÒåÏà¶ÔÂÛËÄάʱ¿Õ±ê¼ÜÇó½âSchwarzchild½â£¬²¢±È½Ïʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀí ÂÛÓÃËÄάʱ¿Õ±ê¼ÜÇó½âSchwarzchild½âµÄ°ì·¨ £¨t=ict , c =1) (21) ÕâÊǾ²Ì¬Çò¶Ô³Æ¶È¹æµÄ±ê×¼ÐÎʽ¡£ ÔÚÇó½â¹ý³ÌÖеõ½ £¬ £¨22£© Áî £¬µÃµ½ £¨23£© Áî £¬ÆäÎïÀíÒâÒåÊǽ«¾ø¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵÄڵĹÌÓÐʱÓë¹ÌÓ㤶ÈÖ®¼ä ÎïÀíÌõ¼þ£¬Ó¦Óõ½ÓÐÒýÁ¦³¡µÄ·Ç¹ßÐÔ×ø±êϵ¡£ Òò´Ë £¨16.2) ²»ÊÇÕæÊµ¹Û²âÖµ¡£ ¶ø¹ÌÓÐʱ Óë Ö®¼äÓÐ £¨20.1) ÕâÑù Óë¹ÌÓг¤¶ÈµÄ¶È¹æ ÓÐ £¨24£© ÓÖÒòΪ¶Ô¹Û²âÕß¶øÑÔ ÏîÊǹ۲ⲻµ½µÄ£¬ËùÒԹ۲⵽µÄÊÇÕý½»Ê±¿Õ ×ø±ê£¬ÕâÑù¾²Ì¬Çò¶Ô³Æ¶È¹æµÄ±ê×¼ÐÎʽ£º £¨t=ict , c =1) £¨21£© ²»·ûºÏÒªÇó£¬Ö»ÓÐ £¨25£© ·ûºÏÒªÇó¡£ ¼ÆËã¿ËÀï˹¶ä·òÁªÂçµÄ·ÇÁã·ÖÁ¿£¬ÆäÖÐ £¬ £¬ £¬ £¬ ¡£ Óë¾µäµÄÇó½âSchwarzchild½âµÄ¼ÆËãÖµÒ»Ñù¡£ £¨26£© Ò²Óë¾µäµÄÇó½âSchwarzchild½âµÄ¼ÆËãÖµÒ»Ñù£¬Ò²¿ÉµÃ £¬ £¨22£© Áî £¬Schwarzchild½âÖеij¤¶ÈÁ¿£¬ÓùÌÓг¤¶È±íʾÓÐ £¨23.1£© ÓÃʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛÇó½âSchwarzchild½âÓÐ £¨13.1£© ÒòΪ Ïî¹Û²â²»µ½£¬Èκι۲â×ø±ê¶¼ÊÇÕý½»µÄ¡£ ²»±ä£¬ £¨ÆäÖеÄr ÊÇÔ¶ÀëÒýÁ¦³¡µÄ¹Û²âÕߵĹ۲âÖµ£¬ £© ÕâÑù£¬Ê±¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛÒÀ¾É¿É½âÊÍÒýÁ¦ºìÒÆ£¬ÒýÁ¦ÒýÆðµÄ¹âÏ߯«ÕÛºÍË®Ðǽü ÈÕµã½ø ¶¯£¨ÏêϸÄÚÈÝÔÚ¸½Â¼ÖУ©¡£ ÕâÑù£¬ÓÃʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂۺ͹ãÒåÏà¶ÔÂÛÇóµÃµÄSchwarzchild½âʱ¿ÕÎïÀíÒâÒå µÈ¼Û¡£ Îå¡£¹ØÓÚKerr½â Kerr½âÖÐ ²»È«Îª0£¬²»ÊÇÕæÊµ¹Û²â½â£¬²»ÄÜ·ûºÏÓÃËÄάʱ¿ÕµÄ¹Û ²ìÕß¼ÙÉèÍÆµ¼³öµÄʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛ¡£ µ«ÓÃʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛ·ÖÎö×Ô×ª×ø±êϵ£¬Ò²Äܵõ½Kerr½â²ÅÓеĵ¥Î»ÖÊÁ¿µÄ½Ç Á¿a £¬Õ⽫ÔÚÏÂÃæ·ÖÎö¡£ Áù¡£Ê±¼äÁ¿ºÍ¿Õ¼äÁ¿ ¾Ñé¸æÖª£¬¿Õ¼äÊÇÈýάµÄ£¬Ê±¼äÊÇһάµÄ¡£ÔÚ¹Û²âÕßµÄÖ±½Ó¹Û²âÖУ¬ÊÇ¹Û ²â²»µ½¿Õ¼äÓëʱ¼ä£¬¿Õ¼äÓë¿Õ¼äµÄÏ໥×÷Óᣠ¹Ê¼Ù¶¨£º¹Û²âÕßͨ¹ýÖ±½Ó¹Û²â£¬ÎÞ·¨¹Û²âµ½¿Õ¼äÓëʱ¼äµÄÏ໥×÷ÓÃÁ¿¡£¼´£º (27) ³ý·Çͨ¹ý¼ÆËã¹Û²â½á¹û£¬·½¿ÉÖªµÀ¿Õ¼äÓëʱ¼äµÄÏ໥×÷ÓÃÁ¿¡£ ÕâÑù£¬¶Ô¹Û²âÕßµÄÖ±½Ó¹Û²â¶øÑÔ£¬Èκι۲âËÄάʱ¿ÕµÄÏßÔª³¤¶ÈΪ (13) ¶ø ÏîÊǹ۲ⲻµ½µÄ¡£ ¾ø¶Ôƽֱʱ¿ÕµÄËÄάʱ¿ÕÏßÔª £¨13£© ¾ÍÊÇÈκι۲âÕßµÄÖ±½Ó¹Û²â½á¹û¡£ ÉèÓÐÒ»ÖÖ×ø±êϵ£º ÔÚ¸Ã×ø±êϵÄÚÈκÎÒ»µã¹Û²â£¬¹âÔÚ´Ë×ø±êϵÄÚµÄÈκÎÁ½µãµÄÐÐ×ß· ¾¶£¬¶¼ ÊÇÖ±Ïߣ»ÔÚ×ø±êϵÄÚÈÎÒâµãµÄÕæ¿ÕÖйâËٺ㶨£¬³ÆÎªÏà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵ¡£ÔÚÍäÇúʱ ¿ÕÈ¡×㹻СµÄʱ¿Õ·¶Î§£¬¿ÉµÃµ½´ËÀà×ø±êϵ£¬ÕâÀàËÆÎ¢·Ö¡£ÔÚÍäÇúʱ¿ÕÈ¡×㹻С µÄʱ¿Õ·¶Î§£¬¸Ã·¶Î§µÄʱ¿Õ½üËÆÆ½Ö±¡£ÕâÓëÉÏÃæ¹ØÓÚÖ±½Ó¹Û²âÊǹ۲ⲻ µ½ ÏîÊÇÒ»Öµġ£ÔÚ´Ë×ø±êϵÄÚÓÐͳһµÄʱ¿Õµ¥Î»ºÍͳһµÄÖӺͳߡ£ ËùÒÔ£¬´Ë×ø±êϵÓУº £¨28£© [v]ÊÇÖ¸´Ë×ø±êϵÄÚÈÎÒâµãÕæ¿ÕÖйâµÄËÙ¶È£¬ [t]ÊÇÖ¸´Ë×ø±êϵÄÚÈÎÒâµãµÄ ʱ¼ä¡£ ÒÔºó±¾ÎÄÖеÄ×ø±êϵ¶¼ÊÇ´ËÀà×ø±êϵ¡£³ÆÎªÏà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵ¡£ ²»Í¬µÄÏà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵ֮¼äÊÇ"ƽÐÐ"µÄ£¬Ðëͨ¹ýÎïÀí²ÎÊýµÄ±ä»¯£¬ÎïÖÊ·½ ÄÜ´ÓÒ»¸öÏà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵ½øÈëÁíÒ»¸öÏà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵ¡£ £¨29£© £¨29£©ÊÇʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛ£¬¼´Ê±¼äÁ¿Æ½·½µÄ±ä»¯Á¿Óë¿Õ¼äÁ¿Æ½·½µÄ±ä»¯Á¿ÏàµÈ¡£Ëù ÓõÄ×ø±êϵÊÇÏà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵ¡£ÆäÖÐ ºÍ ²»ÊǹÌÓÐʱ£¬ÉèÕâÁ½¸ö×ø±êϵ ¹ÌÓÐʱΪ ºÍ £¬ÓУº £¨30£© ËùÒÔ£¬ÕâÀïµÄʱ¼äÁ¿Æ½·½ Óë¿Õ¼äÁ¿Æ½·½ ²»ÄÜÀí½âΪ£º ¿ÉÓÃʱ¼äµ¥Î»»ò¿Õ¼äµ¥Î»µÄƽ·½´úÌæ£¬¶øÓ¦Àí½âΪÀàËÆÃܶȵÄÒ»ÖÖÁ¿£¬³ÆÎªÊ± ¼äÁ¿ÃܶÈÓë¿Õ¼äÁ¿Ãܶȡ£Ê±¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛÊÇָʱ¼äÁ¿ÃܶÈÓë¿Õ¼äÁ¿ÃÜ¶ÈµÄ¶Ô³Æ±ä »¯¡£ Áîʱ¼äÁ¿ÃܶÈΪ £¬¿Õ¼äÁ¿ÃܶÈΪ £¬ Àà±È¹ÌÓÐʱƽ·½µÄµ¹Êý £¬²¢¿ÉÒÔÌæ´ú£» Àà±È¹ÌÓ㤶Èƽ·½ £¬²¢¿ÉÒÔÌæ´ú£» £¨ ·Ö±ðΪ¹ÌÓÐʱºÍ¹ÌÓг¤¶È£© Áîʱ¿ÕÃܶÈΪ £¬²»Í¬µÄÏà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵÓв»Í¬µÄʱ¿ÕÃÜ¶È £¬ÈÎÒâÏà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵÖÐÓÐ £¨31£© ÔÚͬһ¸öÏà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵÖУ¬ Àà±ÈÏßÔª £¬µ«ÊDz»¿ÉÒÔÌæ´ú¡£ ²»Í¬µÄÏà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵ±È½Ïʱ¿Õ¹Û²âֵʱ£¬ÐëʹÓÃʱ¼äÁ¿ÃܶȺͿռäÁ¿ÃÜ ¶È£¬Í¨¹ýÉ趨ijһÏà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵʱ¼äÁ¿ÃܶȺͿռäÁ¿ÃܶÈΪ1£¬µÃµ½²»Í¬µÄÏà ¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵµÄ²»Í¬Ê±¼äÁ¿ÃܶȺͿռäÁ¿Ãܶȡ£È»ºó£¬¶Ô²»Í¬µÄÏà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵ »»Ëã³ö²»Í¬µÄʱ¼äÁ¿ºÍ¿Õ¼äÁ¿µ¥Î»¡£ ÕâÑùʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛʵ¼ÊÉÏÊǹØÓÚʱ¿ÕÃܶȵı仯µÄÀíÂÛ£¬¿É±íʾΪ£º £¨32£© Ϊ²»Í¬µÄÁ½¸öÏà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵʱ¿ÕÃܶȣ¬ Ϊʱ¿ÕÃܶȵı仯Á¿¡£ Æß¡£Ê±¿ÕÃܶȵı仯Á¿ ÔÚÏÁÒåÏà¶ÔÂÛÖÐ £¨33£© ÔÚSchwarzschild½âÖÐ £¨c=1£© (34) ÒýÁ¦ £¨35£© ¸ù¾ÝµÈЧÔÀíÓйßÐÔÖÊÁ¿µÈÓÚÒýÁ¦ÖÊÁ¿£¬»òÔÚ¾ÖÓòʱ¿ÕÄÚ¹ßÐÔÁ¦ºÍÒýÁ¦²» ¿ÉÇø·Ö£¬ÔÚ±¾ÎÄÖоÖÓòʱ¿ÕΪÏà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵ´úÌæ£¬ÄÇôÔÚÏà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵÖÐ £¨36£© £¨37£© £¨38£© ËùÒÔÓУº £¨39£© ÔÚÏÁÒåÏà¶ÔÂÛºÍSchwarzschild½âÖÐ £¨33£© ÄÇô£¬Ê±¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛÖУ¬Ê±¿ÕÃܶȱ仯Á¿ £¬ÔÚ Ê±£¬ £¨33£© ÕâÑù £¨37£© ±äΪ £¨40£© ´Ë»ý·ÖΪ²»¶¨»ý·Ö¡£ ÕâÀï ÊÇÄÜÁ¿µÄÒ»ÖÖÐÎʽ¡£ÓÃËÄάʱ¿Õ¹Ûµã¿´£¬ ÊǶþ½×Äæ±ä¶þ½× бäÕÅÁ¿¶ø²»ÊÇÏÁÒåËÙ¶ÈʸÁ¿µÄƽ·½¡£ ʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛÔÚ Ê±±íʾΪ £¨41£© ΪÐë¹Û²âµÄ×ø±êϵµÄʱ¿ÕÃܶȣ» Ϊ¹Û²âÕßËùÔÚµÄ×ø±êϵµÄʱ¿ÕÃܶȣ¬Ê±¼äÃܶȣ¬¿Õ¼äÃܶȣ» ÊÇÄÜÁ¿µÄÒ»ÖÖÐÎʽ¡£Äĸö×ø±êϵ¾ø¶ÔµØµÃµ½ÄÜÁ¿£¬Õâ¸ö×ø±êϵµÄʱ¿ÕÃܶȾø¶ÔµØ¸Ä±ä¡£ °Ë¡£Ê±¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛºÍÏÁÒåÏà¶ÔÂÛ ¼ÙÉèÁ½¸öÏà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵ£¬Ò»¸ö¾²Ö¹£¬Ò»¸ö½ÇËÙ¶ÈΪ ×öÔ²ÖÜÔ˶¯¡£ ÓÃʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛ·ÖÎö (42) ¶ÔÓÚ½ÇËÙ¶ÈΪ µÄ×ø±êϵ£¬ÀëÐÄÁ¦Îª £¨ r ΪԲÖܰ뾶£©£¬ ¼´ £¨43£© £¨44£© ËùÒÔ£¬Ê±¿ÕÃܶȵı仯Á¿ Ϊ £¨45) ÓÐ £¨46£© ¶ÔÓÚ¹ÌÓÐʱ ºÍ¹ÌÓг¤¶È ÓÐ £¨47£© ÓÃÏÁÒåÏà¶ÔÂÛ·ÖÎö¹ÌÓÐʱºÍ¹ÌÓ㤶ÈÓÐ £¨48£©(ÊÇËÙ¶È·½Ïò£© ¿ÉÒÔ¿´³öÁ½ÀíÂÛ¶Ô¹ÌÓÐʱÓÐÏàͬ½áÂÛ£»¶ÔÓÚ¹ÌÓг¤¶È£¬Ê±¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛÈÏΪ ¹ÌÓ㤶ÈÈ«·½Ïò¸Ä±ä£¬ÏÁÒåÏà¶ÔÂÛÈÏΪֻÊÇÆ½ÐÐ˲¼äËÙ¶È ·½ÏòµÄ¹ÌÓг¤¶È ¸Ä±ä¡£ ÓÃʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛºÍÏÁÒåÏà¶ÔÂÛ·ÖÎöÒÔËÙ¶È v×öÖ±ÏßÔ˶¯µÄ×ø±êϵҲÓÐÏàͬ ½áÂÛ£¬Ö»²»¹ýʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛ½«ÒÔËÙ¶È v×öÖ±ÏßÔ˶¯µÄ×ø±êϵµ±×öÈÆÎÞÇîÔ¶´¦Ä³ µã×öÔ²ÖÜÔ˶¯¡£ ¶ÔÓÚÂõ¿Ë¶úÑ·-ĪÀ×ʵÑ飬ÏÁÒåÏà¶ÔÂÛÊÇÓùßÐÔϵÖйâËٺ㶨À´½âÊÍ£¬Ê±¿Õ ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛÊÇÓÃÏà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵÖйâËÙ²»±äÀ´½âÊÍ¡£ ¾Å¡£Ê±¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛµÄÏêϸ±íÊö ¼ÙÉè1£ºÉèÓÐʱ¿Õ×ø±êϵ (28) £¨¼´¹âËٺ㶨, Ïî¹Û²â²»µ½ £© ÊÇÖ¸´Ë×ø±êϵÄÚÈÎÒâµã¹âµÄËÙ¶È£¬ Ö¸´Ë×ø±êϵÄÚÈÎÒâµãµÄ¹ÌÓÐʱ¡£ ´ËÀà×ø±êϵ³ÆÎªÏà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵ¡£ ¼ÙÉè2£ºÈκι۲âÕßËù¹Û²âµ½µÄÕæÊµÊ±¿Õ×ø±êϵ¶¼ÊÇÏà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵ¡£ ²»ÂÛÊǹßÐÔϵ»ò·Ç¹ßÐÔϵ£¬Ö»Òª×ø±êϵ×㹻С£¬¶¼ÊÇ´ËÀà×ø±êϵ¡£ Ïà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵ֮¼ä±È½Ïʱ¿ÕÁ¿£¬Ê¹ÓÃʱ¿ÕÃÜ¶È £¨31£© ÊÇʱ¼äÃÜ¶È £¬ ÊǿռäÃܶȡ£ ÔÚÈÎÒ»Ïà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵÖУ¬¹Û²âÕß´¦ÔÚÏàͬµÄʱ¿ÕÃÜ¶È ÖУ¬¾ÍÓÐÏàͬ µÄʱ¼äÃÜ¶È ºÍ ¿Õ¼äÃÜ¶È £¬Òò¶øÓÐÏàͬµÄ¹ÌÓÐʱºÍ¹ÌÓг¤¶È¡£ µÄ´óСÕý±ÈÓÚ¹ÌÓÐʱÁ÷ÊŵĿìÂý¡£ µÄ´óСÕý±ÈÓÚ¹ÌÓг¤¶ÈµÄ³¤¶Ì¡£ ʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂۿɱíÊöΪ (32) Ϊ²»Í¬Ïà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵµÄʱ¿ÕÃܶȡ£ µ± £¬ÓÐ £¨42£© (40) ÓÃËÄάʱ¿Õ¹Ûµã¿´ÊǶþ½×Äæ±ä¶þ½×бäÕÅÁ¿¡£ ʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛÈÏΪ ÊÇÄÜÁ¿µÄÒ»ÖÖÐÎʽ£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÏÁÒåµÄËÙ¶ÈÆ½·½»ò¼ÓËÙ ¶È£¬»ò¶þ½×Äæ±ä¶þ½×бäÕÅÁ¿£¬ÉÏʽµÄ»ý·ÖΪ²»¶¨»ý·Ö¡£ µ±ÄÜÁ¿ÐÎʽ ¾ø¶ÔµÄ¸Ä±ä£¬Ê±¿ÕÃÜ¶È ¾ø¶ÔµÄ¸Ä±ä¡£ Ê®¡£Ê±¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛ¶Ô²»Í¬×ø±êϵ֮¼äµÄ¹Û²â±È½Ï ʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛ¶Ô²»Í¬×ø±êϵ֮¼äµÄ¹Û²â±È½Ï¿É¼òµ¥µÄ·ÖΪÁ½ÖÖÇé¿ö¡£Æä¼Æ Ëã½á¹ûÊÇÕæÊµ¹Û²âÖµ¡£ 1¡£Á½¸öÏà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵ , ±È½Ï£¬ÓÐʱ¿ÕÃÜ¶È £¬ ¼ÙÉ裺 ÄÇô£º £¨42£© ΪÁ½×ø±êϵʱ¿ÕÃÜ¶ÈµÄ±È½Ï ×ø±êϵ µÄ¹ÌÓÐʱ±È×ø±êϵ µÄ¹ÌÓÐʱÁ÷Êſ졣 ×ø±êϵ µÄ¹ÌÓг¤¶È±È×ø±êϵ µÄ¹ÌÓг¤¶È³¤¡£ ²¢Í¨¹ý £¨40£© Óë¾µäµÄËÙ¶È£¬ÒýÁ¦ºÍ¼ÓËٶȶԱȣ¬´Ó¶øµÃµ½²»Í¬×ø±êϵµÄ¹ÌÓÐʱºÍ¹ÌÓÐ ³¤¶ÈµÄÇø±ð¡£ 2¡£ÉèÓÐÈý¸ö×ø±êϵ £¬Ê±¿ÕÃܶȷֱðΪ £¬ ¼ÙÉè ÓÐ £¨32.1) (49) ÆäÖУ¨ , £© ²»ÂÛ¹Û²âÕßÔÚ ×ø±êϵ¶¼½«µÃµ½£¨49£©Ê½¹Û²â½á¹û£¬¹Û²âÕßÔÚµÚËÄ×ø±êϵҲ½«µÃµ½£¨49£©Ê½¹Û²â½á¹û£¬ÕâÊÇʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛÖÐËùµÃ¼ÆËã½á¹ûÊÇÕæÊµ¹Û²â ÖµµÄÍÆÂÛ£¬Ò²ÊÇʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛµÄÁ½¸ö¼ÙÉèµÄÍÆÂÛ¡£ ʮһ¡£¹ØÓÚʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛ¿ÉÄܵÄʵÑé֤ʵ Ò»ÖÖÊǼì²â¸ßËÙ×ÔתÎïÌåµÄ°ë¾¶ºÍºñ¶ÈÊÇ·ñËõ¶Ì£¿ ÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬ÏÁÒåÏà¶ÔÂÛÈÏΪֻÓÐÑØËÙ¶È·½ÏòµÄÖܳ¤Ëõ¶Ì£¬°ë¾¶ºÍºñ¶È²» ±ä¡£¶øÊ±¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛÈÏΪÖܳ¤£¬°ë¾¶ºÍºñ¶È¶¼½«Ëõ¶Ì¡£°ë¾¶Ëõ¶ÌºóΪ £¨ÂÔÈ¥ ÒÔºóÏ £¨49£© ÏîÓëKerr-Newman½âÖеĵ¥Î»ÖÊÁ¿½Ç¶¯Á¿ÏîaÒ»Ö¡£ ºñ¶ÈËõ¶ÌºóΪ £¨50£© ÁíÍâÒ»ÖÖÊÇÒ»¸ö¼ÓËÙÔ˶¯×ø±êϵÓëÏà¶Ô¾²Ö¹µÄ×ø±êϵ֮¼ä£¬ÔÚ µÄÇé¿öÏ£¬½«ÓÐʱ¿ÕÃÜ¶È µÄ±ä»¯¡£ ÄÇô£¬µ±·¢Éä¹âÆ×µÄÔªËØ×ö¼ÓËÙÔ˶¯Ê±£¬½«ÓÐÀàËÆÒýÁ¦ºìÒÆµÄ¹âÆ×ºìÒÆÏÖ Ïó¡£ Èç¹û£¬ÊÇ·¢Éä¹âÆ×µÄÔªËØ¾²Ö¹£¬¶ø¹Û²â¹âÆ×µÄÒÇÆ÷ºÍ¹Û²âÕß×ö¼ÓËÙÔ˶¯£¬ ½«ÓйâÆ××ÏÒÆÏÖÏó¡£ ³ýÈ¥¶àÆÕÀÕЧӦ£¬ÓÉÕñ¶¯ÆµÂʹ«Ê½¿ÉµÃ£¬¹âÆ×Ïß·¢ÉúºìÒÆÊ±£¬Òƶ¯µÄƵÂÊ Îª£º £¨51£© Êǹâ×ӵĹÌÓÐÕñ¶¯ÆµÂÊ ºÜÏÔÈ»£¬¶ÔÓÚÏà¶ÔÆ½Ö±×ø±êϵÖеÄÎïÌå¶øÑÔ£¬µ± ʱ£¬ÎïÌå½øÈëÀàËÆºÚ¶´Ê¼þÊÓ½çµÄÁíÒ»ÖÖʼþÊӽ硣 ²Î ¿¼ ÎÄ Ï× A.°®Òò˹̹ Ïà¶ÔÂÛµÄÒâÒå ¿ÆÑ§³ö°æÉç 1961 E.G.¹þÀï˹ ÏÖ´úÀíÂÛÎïÀíµ¼ÂÛ ÉϺ£¿ÆÑ§¼¼Êõ³ö°æÉç 1975 ÕÅÕò¾Å ÏÖ´úÏà¶ÔÂÛ¼°ºÚ¶´ÎïÀíѧ »ªÖÐʦ·¶´óѧ³ö°æÉç 1986 ÍõÈÊ´¨ ¹ãÒåÏà¶ÔÂÛÒýÂÛ Öйú¿ÆÑ§¼¼Êõ³ö°æÉç 1996 ÓáÔÊÇ¿ ¹ãÒåÏà¶ÔÂÛÒýÂÛ ±±¾©´óѧ³ö°æÉç 1997 ÕÔá¿ ºÚ¶´µÄÈÈÐÔÖÊÓëʱ¿ÕÆæÒìÐÔ ±±¾©´óѧ³ö°æÉç 1999 ¸½ ¼ £¨ÓÃʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛ½âÊ͹â×Ó¹ìÏßµÄÒýÁ¦Æ«ÕÛºÍË®ÐǽüÈÕµã½ø¶¯£© ¹ãÒåÏà¶ÔÂÛÖÐÇóÖʵãºÍ¹â×ӵĹìµÀ·½³Ìʱ£¬È¡Çò×ø±ê£¬ÈÏΪÔ˶¯Âú×ãÓÚ , £¨1£© б䶯Á¿ ºÍ ÊÇÊØºãÁ¿£¬ÓÐ £¨2£© EºÍLµÄÎïÀíÒâÒ壬Ϊ¹Û²âÕßËù²âµ½µÄÖʵã»ò¹â×ÓµÄÄÜÁ¿ºÍ½Ç¶¯Á¿¡£ ËÄάËٶȵĹéÒ»Ìõ¼þ ÓÐ £¨3£© µÃµ½ÖʵãµÄ¹ìµÀ΢·Ö·½³Ì £¨4£© ¹â×ӵĹìµÀ΢·Ö·½³Ì £¨5£© ¹ãÒåÏà¶ÔÂÛÓÃÕâÁ½¸ö¹ìµÀ΢·Ö·½³Ì½âÊÍÁ˹â×ÓµÄÒýÁ¦Æ«ÕÛºÍË®ÐǽüÈյ㠽ø¶¯¡£ ¹ãÒåÏà¶ÔÂÛÓÃÀ´½âÊÍÒýÁ¦ºìÒÆµÄ·½·¨Ò²Ò»ÑùÊÊÓÃÓÚʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛ¡£ÕâÀï ¾Í²»Öظ´ÁË¡£Ö»ÌÖÂÛʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛ½âÊ͹â×Ó¹ìÏßµÄÒýÁ¦Æ«ÕÛºÍË®ÐǽüÈÕµã½ø¶¯¡£ ÒòΪʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛÊÇÓÃÕæÊµ¹Û²âÖµÀ´½âÊÍʱ¿ÕµÄÀíÂÛ¡£ÓÃËüµÃµ½µÄSchw- arzschild½âÓÐ £¨6£© £¨7£© ¹ÌÓÐʱµÄ¹ØÏµÓÐ £¨8£© ¹ÌÓг¤¶ÈµÄ¹ØÏµÓÐ £¨9£© Ϊʱ¿ÕÃܶȣ¬ Ϊʱ¼äÃܶȣ¬ Ϊ¿Õ¼äÃܶȡ£ °´¹ÌÓÐʱºÍ¹ÌÓ㤶ÈÀ´¿´£¬¹Û²âÕßÔÚÔ¶ÀëÒýÁ¦³¡µÄ×ø±êϵ£¬¹Û²âÒýÁ¦³¡×ø ±êϵÓÐ £¨10£© ÊÇÒýÁ¦³¡×ø±êϵ¹ÌÓÐʱ£¬ ÊÇÔ¶ÀëÒýÁ¦³¡µÄ×ø±êϵ¹ÌÓÐʱ£¬ ÊÇÒýÁ¦³¡×ø±êϵÔ˶¯Æ½Ãæ½Ç¡£ÕâÑù¾ÍÓÐ £¨11£© ÒòΪÁ½¸ö×ø±êϵ֮¼äµÄÄÜÁ¿ £¬½Ç¶È £¬½Ç¶¯Á¿ ºÍ³¤¶È µÄ±È½ÏÓÐ £¨12£©£¨ÄÜÁ¿Êغ㣩 £¨13£© £¨ ÏîΪÁ㣩 £¨14£© £¨×ø±êϵ֮¼ä¹ÌÓÐʱºÍ¹ÌÓг¤¶ÈµÄ±È½Ï£© £¨15£© £¨×ø±êϵ֮¼ä¹ÌÓг¤¶ÈµÄ±È½Ï£© ´úÈ루11£©Ê½ÓÐ £¨16£© ËÄάËٶȵĹéÒ»Ìõ¼þ±äÎªÕæÊµ¹Û²âÖµÓÐ £¨17£© ½«£¨16£©Ê½´úÈ루17£©Ê½ÓÐ (18) , Õâ¾ÍÊÇʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂÛµÄÒýÁ¦³¡ÖеĹìµÀ΢·Ö·½³Ì¡£ ÄÜÁ¿EÊÇÔ¶ÀëÒýÁ¦³¡ÖеĹ۲âÕ߹۲⵽ÒýÁ¦³¡ÖеÄÄÜÁ¿£¬ÎªÒýÁ¦³¡×ø±êϵÓëÎÞÇîÔ¶´¦×ø±êϵµÄÄÜÁ¿²î£¬ÊýÁ¿¼¶Îª ÂÔÈ¥¶þ¼¶Ð¡Á¿£¬Ê±¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂ۵ĹìµÀ΢·Ö·½³Ì³ÉΪÏà¶ÔÂÛµÄÖʵã¹ìµÀ΢·Ö·½³Ì £¨4£© ¶ÔÓÚ¹â×Ó¶øÑÔ£¬½Ç¶¯Á¿ £¬ÒòΪ¹â×ÓÔÚÈõÒýÁ¦³¡ÖÐ×ߵļ¸ºõÊÇÖ±Ïߣ¬ ¿ÉÒÔÈÏΪ¹â×ÓÈÆÎÞÇîÔ¶´¦Ä³µã×öÔ²ÖÜÔ˶¯¡£ £¨4£©Ê½ ÂÔȥСÁ¿ºó£¬µÃµ½Ïà¶ÔÂ۵Ĺâ×Ó¹ìµÀ΢·Ö·½³Ì £¨5£© ÕâÑù£¬ÓÃʱ¿Õ¶Ô³ÆÀíÂ۾ͿÉÒÔ½âÊÍÒýÁ¦ºìÒÆ£¬¹â×Ó¹ìÏßµÄÒýÁ¦Æ«ÕÛºÍË®ÐÇÈÕ µãµÄ½ø¶¯ÁË¡£ ²Î ¿¼ ÎÄ Ï× A.°®Òò˹̹ Ïà¶ÔÂÛµÄÒâÒå ¿ÆÑ§³ö°æÉç 1961 ÕÅÕò¾Å ÏÖ´úÏà¶ÔÂÛ¼°ºÚ¶´ÎïÀíѧ »ªÖÐʦ·¶´óѧ³ö°æÉç 1986 ÍõÈÊ´¨ ¹ãÒåÏà¶ÔÂÛÒýÂÛ Öйú¿ÆÑ§¼¼Êõ³ö°æÉç 1996 ÓáÔÊÇ¿ ¹ãÒåÏà¶ÔÂÛÒýÂÛ ±±¾©´óѧ³ö°æÉç 1997 |
» ²ÂÄãϲ»¶
ÊÛSCIÒ»ÇøÎÄÕ£¬ÎÒ:8 O5 51O 54,¿ÆÄ¿ÆëÈ«,¿É+¼±
ÒѾÓÐ8È˻ظ´
ÌåÖÆÄÚ³¤±²ËµÌåÖÆÄÚ¾ø´ó²¿·ÖÒ»±²×ÓÔڵײ㣬ÈçͬÄãÃÇÒ»Ñù´ó²¿·ÖÆÕͨ½ÌʦæÇÒÊÕÈëµÍ
ÒѾÓÐ13È˻ظ´
ÊÛSCIÒ»ÇøÎÄÕ£¬ÎÒ:8 O5 51O 54,¿ÆÄ¿ÆëÈ«,¿É+¼±
ÒѾÓÐ8È˻ظ´
ÊÛSCIÒ»ÇøÎÄÕ£¬ÎÒ:8 O5 51O 54,¿ÆÄ¿ÆëÈ«,¿É+¼±
ÒѾÓÐ8È˻ظ´
ÊÛSCIÒ»ÇøÎÄÕ£¬ÎÒ:8 O5 51O 54,¿ÆÄ¿ÆëÈ«,¿É+¼±
ÒѾÓÐ11È˻ظ´
ΪʲôÖйú´óѧ¹¤¿Æ½ÌÊÚÃÇË®ÁËÄÇô¶àËùνµÄ¶¥»á¶¥¿¯£¬µ«»¹ÊÇ×ö²»³öÓîÊ÷»úÆ÷ÈË£¿
ÒѾÓÐ8È˻ظ´
ÊÛSCIÒ»ÇøÎÄÕ£¬ÎÒ:8 O5 51O 54,¿ÆÄ¿ÆëÈ«,¿É+¼±
ÒѾÓÐ5È˻ظ´
ÊÛSCIÒ»ÇøÎÄÕ£¬ÎÒ:8 O5 51O 54,¿ÆÄ¿ÆëÈ«,¿É+¼±
ÒѾÓÐ6È˻ظ´
ÊÛSCIÒ»ÇøÎÄÕ£¬ÎÒ:8 O5 51O 54,¿ÆÄ¿ÆëÈ«,¿É+¼±
ÒѾÓÐ9È˻ظ´
ÊÛSCIÒ»ÇøÎÄÕ£¬ÎÒ:8 O5 51O 54,¿ÆÄ¿ÆëÈ«,¿É+¼±
ÒѾÓÐ4È˻ظ´














»Ø¸´´ËÂ¥