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This Focus Review describes the most recent progress on the catalytic synthesis of five-membered ring cores of imidazole. The utilization of palladium catalysts realized imidazole formation either through the intramolecular amino-Heck reaction of amidoximes or the multicomponent coupling reaction of two imines and acid chloride. The silver and copper catalysts promoted the cycloaddition of two isocyanides to form 1,4-disubstituted imidazoles. The Lewis acid ZrCl4 was applied in the three-component coupling reaction to afford trisubstituted and tetrasubstituted imidazoles. An organocatalyst derived from thiazolium salt wasalso successfully employed for the construction of densely functionalized imidazoles. Nonetheless, there is still room to improve the efficiency of these catalytic transformations. The development of more practical, atom-economical, and general routes for the preparation of imidazole cores remains a challenge for the future.
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RXMCDM: 金币+1, 多谢应助! 2014-03-10 19:05:20
yizhenanmin(RXMCDM代发): 金币+15, 多谢应助! 2014-04-04 10:54:07
这篇焦点综述描述了咪唑五元环核心的催化合成的最新进展。
钯催化剂的利用使得咪唑可以通过两种方式形成: 1. 脒肟类的分子内氨基Heck反应;2. 两个亚胺和一个酰氯的多组分偶联反应。
铜、银催化剂可以提升两异腈的环加成作用以形成1,4-双取代咪唑。
路易斯酸 ZrCl4 被用于三组分偶联反应以形成三取代或者四取代咪唑。
一种来源于噻唑盐的有机催化剂也成功被用于稠密功能化咪唑的合成。
尽管如此,这些催化转化剂的效率依然有相当大的提升空间。研制出更加实用、原子利用率更高的咪唑核心制备的通用路线将是我们未来长期的挑战。
2楼2014-03-10 19:03:52
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