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木虫之王 (知名作家)

[资源] 2013年新著——石墨烯的物理与化学（英文版）

Toshiaki Enoki, ‎Tsuneya Ando - Physics and Chemistry of Graphene: Graphene to Nanographene
Published: 2013-01-24 | ISBN: 9814241482 | PDF | 476 pages | 33 MB

From a chemistry aspect, graphene is the extrapolated extreme of condensed polycyclic hydrocarbon molecules to infinite size. Here, the concept on aromaticity which organic chemists utilize is applicable. Interesting issues appearing between physics and chemistry are pronounced in nano-sized graphene (nanographene), as we recognize the importance of the shape of nanographene in understanding its electronic structure. In this book, the fundamental issues on the electronic, magnetic, and chemical properties of condensed polycyclic hyodrocarbon molecules, nanographene and graphene are comprehensively discussed.
Contents
Preface
               xi

1 Introduction
      1

2 Theory of Electronic States and Transport in Graphene       9
Tsuneya Ando
2.1 Introduction
   9
2.2 Electronic States of Monolayer Graphene                            10
2.2.1 Massless Dirac Electron                                                 10
2.2.2 Berry’s Phase and Topological Anomaly                   15
2.2.3 Landau Levels in Magnetic Fields                               17
2.2.4 Eﬀects of Bandgap Opening                                        19
2.3 Magnetic Properties                                                                   20
2.3.1 Singular Diamagnetism                                                 20
2.3.2 Eﬀects of Bandgap Opening                                        23
2.3.3 Magnetic Screening and Mirroring                            25
2.4 Optical Properties
28
2.5 Transport Properties                                                                   30
2.5.1 Boltzmann Conductivity                                              30
2.5.2 Charged Impurities                                                       34
2.5.3 Self-Consistent Born Approximation and
Zero-Mode Anomalies                                                    36
2.5.4 Resonant Scattering by Lattice Defects                   43
2.5.5 Crossover between Localization and
Antilocalization                                                                45
2.6 Phonons and Electron–Phonon Interaction                         49
2.6.1 Acoustic Phonon                                                             49
2.6.2 Optical Phonon                                                                50
2.6.3 Zone-Boundary Phonon                                                 53
2.7 Bilayer Graphene                                                                         55
2.7.1 Electronic States                                                             55
2.7.2 Magnetic Properties                                                       60
2.7.3 Optical Properties                                                          61
2.7.4 Transport Properties                                                    66
2.7.5 Phonons and Electron–Phonon Interaction             71
2.8 Multilayer Graphene                                                                   74

3 Experimental Approaches to Graphene Electron
Transport for Device Applications                                              89
Akinobu Kanda
3.1 Introduction
  89
3.2 Formation of Graphene                                                             91
3.2.1 Scotch Tape Method                                                       94
3.2.2 Determination of the Number of Layers                   97
3.2.3 Other Techniques for Formation of
Graphene                                                                         106
3.2.3.1 Thermal decomposition of SiC                107
3.2.3.2 Chemical vapor deposition on metallic substrates
            109
3.3 Experiments on Transport Properties of Graphene for
Device Applications                                                                   111
3.3.1 Sample Geometries                                                       111
3.3.2 Gate Voltage Dependence of Conductance             118
3.3.3 Quantum Hall Eﬀect                                                    131
3.3.4 Klein Tunneling                                                             134
3.3.5 Improving Mobility of Graphene                            135
3.3.5.1 Eﬀect of phonon scattering                      135
3.3.5.2 Experimental techniques to improve mobility
            143
3.3.6 Bandgap Engineering                                                 147
3.3.6.1 Graphene nanoribbons                               148
3.3.6.2 Bilayer graphene under perpendicular electric ﬁelds
         157
3.3.6.3 Other methods for bandgap formation 162
3.3.7 Graphene Quantum Eﬀect Devices: Mesoscopic
Electron Transport in Graphene                               163
3.3.8 Application to Chemical Sensors                            165
3.3.9 Graphene Spintronics                                                 167
3.3.9.1 Spintronics                                                    167
3.3.9.2 Experimental techniques for determining spin relaxation length of graphene
                                       171
3.3.9.3 Experimental values vs. theoretical expectations of the spin relaxation
length                                                                176
3.3.10 Cooper-Pair Transport                                                 178
3.3.10.1 Superconducting proximity eﬀect          178
3.3.10.2 Josephson eﬀect in single-layer
graphene: theoretical aspects                   179
3.3.10.3 Josephson eﬀect in single-layer
graphene: experiments                               184
3.4 Summary
191

4 Electronic Properties of Nanographene                               207
Katsunori Wakabayashi
4.1 Introduction
207
4.2 Electronic States of Graphene                                                 210
4.3 Graphene Nanoribbons and Edge States                            214
4.4 Energy Spectrum and Wave Functions: Tight-Binding
Model
222
4.4.1 Armchair Nanoribbons                                              222
4.4.2 Zigzag Nanoribbons                                                    225
4.5 Energy Bandgap                                                                         232
4.5.1 Armchair Nanoribbons                                              232
4.5.2 Zigzag Nanoribbons                                                    233
4.6 Energy Spectrum and Wave Function: Massless Dirac
Equation
234
4.6.1 Semi-Inﬁnite Graphene Sheet with a Zigzag
Edge                                                                                  235
4.6.2 Zigzag Nanoribbons                                                    238
4.6.3 Armchair Nanoribbons                                              240
4.7 Bearded Edges and Cove Edges                                              243
4.8 Electronic States in a Magnetic Field                                  247
4.8.1 Tight-Binding Model with Peierls Phase                248
4.9 Orbital Diamagnetism and Pauli Paramagnetism             252
4.9.1 Orbital Magnetization and Susceptibility             252
4.9.2 Pauli Paramagnetism                                                 257
4.10 Magnetic Instability                                                                   259
4.10.1 Electric Field-Induced Half-Metallicity                   269
4.11 Electronic Transport Properties                                           272
4.11.1 One-Way Excess Channel System                            273
4.11.2 Perfectly Conducting Channel: Absence of
Anderson Localization                                                 277
4.12 Summary
280

5 Spin Structure of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons       289
Akihito Konishi and Takashi Kubo
5.1 Introduction
289
5.2 A Brief Introduction of PAHs                                                 290
5.2.1 Categories of Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons                                                                290
5.2.2 Brief History of Aromatic Sextet                               292
5.2.3 Clar Sextet in Relation to the Property of PAHs    294
5.3 Recent Advanced Studies on PAHs: Synthesis,
Property, and Application                                                       298
5.4 Electronic Structure of PAHs                                                 302
5.4.1 Eﬀects of Edge Shapes on the Electronic
Structure of PAHs                                                          302
5.4.2 Prediction of the Spin Multiplicity in the
Ground State: Ovchinnikov Rule                               305
5.4.3 Non Kekule′ -Type PAHs                                              308
5.4.4 Kekule′ -Type PAHs                                                       312
5.4.4.1 Theoretical treatment of singlet
biradical character                                        312
5.4.4.2 Linear system: quantum chemical prediction of spin structure in the
ground state                                                    313
5.4.4.3 Linear system: isolation and
characterization of large acenes             314
5.4.4.4 Two-dimensional system: quantum chemical prediction of spin structure
in the ground state                                        317
5.4.5 Detailed Discussion on Spin-Polarized State at
Zigzag Edges of Kekule′ -Type PAHs                         320
5.4.5.1 Synthesis of bisanthene and
teranthene                                                       323
5.4.5.2 Geometrical consideration of singlet biradical character
   326
5.4.5.3 Singlet–triplet energy gap                         328
5.4.5.4 HOMO–LUMO energy gap                         329
5.4.5.5 Transition probability from S0 to S1
state                                                                   331
5.5 Highly Stable Antiferromagnetic PAHs                               332
5.5.1 Molecular Design for Thermodynamically
Stabilized Antiferromagnetic Molecules                332
5.5.2 Theoretical Assessment of Singlet Biradical
Character                                                                         333
5.5.3 Antiferromagnetic Couplings of Two Unpaired
Electrons                                                                         335
5.5.4 Coexistence of Intra- and Intermolecular
Antiferromagnetic Couplings                                     336
5.5.5 Non-Linear Optical Property                                     338
5.5.6 Experimental Estimation of the Amount of
Singlet Biradical Character                                        340
5.6 Concluding Remarks                                                                340

6 Experimental Approach to Electronic and Magnetic
Properties of Nanographene                                                       353
Toshiaki Enoki
6.1 Introduction
353
6.2 Fabrication of Graphene Nanostructures                            355
6.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition                                        356
6.2.2 Graphene Oxides                                                          358
6.2.3 Unzipping of Carbon Nanotubes                               360
6.2.4 Heat-Induced Structural Changes                            360
6.2.5 Electron Beam Lithography and STM/AFM Lithography
                        365
6.2.6 Chemical Reactions with Crystallographic
Selectivity                                                                      368

6.2.7 Bottom-Up Fabrication from Aromatic
Molecules                                                                         371
6.3 Electronic Structure of Nanographene and Graphene
Edges
373
6.3.1 Theoretical Background of the Edge State             373
6.3.2 Experimental Evidence of Edge States                   381
6.3.2.1 STM/STS observations                               381
6.3.2.2 Angle-resolved photoemission
spectroscopy                                                 388
6.3.2.3 X-ray absorption spectroscopy                391
6.3.2.4 Transmission electron microscopy          395
6.3.3 Electron Conﬁnement and Gap Opening in
Nanographene                                                                398
6.3.4 Electron Wave Interference: Theory and
Experiments                                                                   404
6.3.4.1 Raman spectra: G and D bands                405
6.3.4.2 STM image of superlattice                         410
6.4 Magnetic Structures of Nanographene                               412
6.4.1 Theoretical Background                                              412
6.4.2 Experiments on Magnetic Properties of
Edge-State Spins                                                          418
6.4.2.1 Edge-state spins in defects                         418
6.4.2.2 Edge-state spins in nanographene and nanographite
      422
6.4.2.3 Interaction between edge-state spins and conduction π -electron carriers
(Kondo eﬀect)                                              427
6.5 Chemical Activity of Nanographene and Graphene
Edges
429
6.5.1 Stability and Chemical Activity of Graphene
Edges                                                                               429
6.5.2 Interaction of Guest Molecules with
Nanographene                                                                433
6.6 Summary
436

Index
               451

Published: 2013-01-24 | ISBN: 9814241482 | PDF | 476 pages | 33 MB

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