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Acc. Chem. Res综述-“Homeopathic”纳米Pd用于碳碳偶联反应+纳米金综述2篇
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新一期的化学类顶级综述Acc. Chem. Res.刊发了由著名金属有机化学家、法国科学院院士、波尔多大学化学系Didier Astruc教授课题组撰写的综述文章--““Homeopathic” Palladium Nanoparticle Catalysis of Cross Carbon–Carbon Coupling Reactions”，发来与虫友赏析，希望对大家有所帮助，话不多说，直接上Abstract（附件论文）： Catalysis by palladium derivatives is now one of the most important tools in organic synthesis. Whether researchers design palladium nanoparticles (NPs) or nanoparticles occur as palladium complexes decompose, these structures can serve as central precatalysts in common carbon–carbon bond formation. Palladium NPs are also valuable alternatives to molecular catalysts because they do not require costly and toxic ligands. In this Account, we review the role of “homeopathic” palladium catalysts in carbon–carbon coupling reactions. Seminal studies from the groups of Beletskaya, Reetz, and de Vries showed that palladium NPs can catalyze Heck and Suzuki–Miyaura reactions with aryl iodides and, in some cases, aryl bromides at part per million levels. As a result, researchers coined the term “homeopathic” palladium catalysis. Industry has developed large-scale applications of these transformations. In addition, chemists have used Crooks’ concept of dendrimer encapsulation to set up efficient nanofilters for Suzuki–Miyaura and selective Heck catalysis, although these transformations required high PdNP loading. With arene-centered, ferrocenyl-terminated dendrimers containing triazolyl ligands in the tethers, we designed several generations of dendrimers to compare their catalytic efficiencies, varied the numbers of Pd atoms in the PdNPs, and examined encapsulation vs stabilization. The catalytic efficiencies achieved “homeopathic” (TON = 540 000) behavior no matter the PdNP size and stabilization type. The TON increased with decreasing the Pd/substrate ratio, which suggested a leaching mechanism. Recently, we showed that water-soluble arene-centered dendrimers with tri(ethylene glycol) (TEG) tethers stabilized PdNPs involving supramolecular dendritic assemblies because of the interpenetration of the TEG branches. Such PdNPs are stable and retain their “homeopathic” catalytic activities for Suzuki–Miyaura reactions for months. (TONs can reach 2.7 × 106 at 80 °C for aryl bromides and similar values for aryl iodides at 28 °C.) Sonogashira reactions catalyzed by these PdNPs are quantitative with only 0.01% Pd/mol substrate. Kato’s group has reported remarkable catalytic efficiencies for mesoporous catalysts formed by polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer polymerizations. These and other mesoporous structures could allow for catalyst recycling, with efficiencies approaching the “homeopathic” behavior. In recent examples of Suzuki–Miyaura reactions of aryl chlorides, chemists achieved truly “homeopathic” catalysis when a surfactant such as a tetra-n-butylammonium halide or an imidazolium salt was used in stoichiometric quantities with substrate. These results suggest that the reactive halide anion of the salt attacks the neutral Pd species to form a palladate. In the case of aryl chlorides, the reaction may occur through the difficult, rate-limiting oxidative-addition step. 初识Didier Astruc 教授是因拜读过教授的Chemical reviews--“Gold Nanoparticles: Assembly, Supramolecular Chemistry, Quantum-Size-Related Properties, and Applications toward Biology, Catalysis, and Nanotechnology”，该综述现已被引用6800多次，为纳米金制备和应用领域的不可或缺的文献之一。前几天，在版块里看到了该课题组在Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.发表的关于各向异性纳米金的综述文章“Anisotropic Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties, Applications, and Toxicity”，一并在附件中，希望各位从事纳米金领域研究的虫友喜欢并相互探讨，下附教授简介（摘自上海交大网页）。 Didier Astruc 教授简介： Professor Didier Astruc is known for his work on “Electron-Reservoir” complexes and dendritic molecular batteries, catalytic processes (olefin metathesis, C-C coupling, catalysis in water) using nanoreactors and molecular recognition using gold nanoparticles and metallodendrimers. He has published more than 380 publications that have received more than 18000 citations and given 360 research lectures at conferences and Universities or research centers in 25 countries. He is the author of three books, scientific publications and the editor of five books or special issues. Professor Didier Astruc has been a member of the National CNRS committee from 2000 to 2008 and the President of the Coordination Chemistry Division of the Société Française de Chimie from 2000 to 2004. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC) in 2005, at the Leopoldina Academy in 2006, the Academia Europaea in 2006, the European Academy of Science in 2007, the European Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2010 and the National Committee for UNESCO in 2012. He is or has been a board member of Organometallics, New J. Chem., J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym., Current Chemistry Biology, The Open Cell and Development Biology Journal, and J. Organomet. Chem. A special issue of J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. (Springer) and New J. Chem. have been dedicated to Didier Astruc in January 2008 and October 2011 respectively. Professor Didier Astruc is on the Thompson-Reuters list of the top 100 chemists who have achieved the highest citation impact scores for their chemistry papers published between 2000 and 2010. Ten of his former students are now Chemistry Professors or Academic Research Directors in France or the U.S. 课题组网页：http://astruc.didier.free.fr/cv-eng.htm  ar-2013-00168s_0014.gif |
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