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[交流] 材料表征的技术的索引，超全！

TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES USED TO DETERMINE THE COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE, AND ENERGY STATES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

The many experimental methods, originally designed to study the chemical and physical behavior of solids and liquids, have grown into a new field known as Materials Characterization (or Materials
Analysis). During the past 30 years a host of techniques aimed at the study of surfaces and thin films has been added to the many tools for the analysis of bulk samples. The field has benefitted particularly
from the development of computers and microprocessors, which have vastly increased the speed and accuracy of the measuring devices and the recording of their output. Materials characterization was and
is a very important tool in the search for new physical and chemical phenomena. It plays an essential role in new applications of solids and liquids in industry, communications, and medicine. Many of its
techniques are used in quality control, in safety regulations, and in the fight against pollution.
In most Materials Characterization experiments the sample is subjected to some kind of radiation: electromagnetic, acoustic, thermal, or particles (electrons, ions, neutrons, etc.). The surface analysis
techniques usually require a high vacuum. As a result of interactions between the solid (or liquid) and the incoming radiation a beam of a similar (or a different) nature will emerge from the sample. Measurement
of the physical and/or chemical attributes of this emerging radiation will yield qualitative, and often quantitative, information about the composition and the properties of the material being probed.
The modern tendency of describing practically everything in this world by a combination of a few letters (acronyms) has also penetrated the field of Materials Characterization. The table below gives the
meaning of the acronym for every technique listed, the form and size of the required sample (bulk, surface, film, liquid, powder, etc.), the nature of the incoming and of the emerging radiation, the depth and
the lateral spatial resolution that can be probed, and the information obtained from the experiment. The last column lists one or two major references to the technique described.

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