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mistcui

铜虫 (初入文坛)

[交流] 大连化物所李灿院士提出“热力学第四定律”

关于时间坐标上的“热力学第四定律”
李 灿
大连化学物理研究所催化基础国家重点实验室,辽宁大连,116023

“热力学第四定律”可以指导个人、集体或国家合理制定计划、有效利用时间、提高工作效率。该“定律”反映了社会活动中的一种统计的普遍现象,其背后也蕴含着社会体系中的熵增原理。实际上隐含着人类社会活动中的许多客观不确定因素以及个人的主观不确定因素,因此要解决的问题,不仅要研究人类社会体系中各种复杂的干扰因素,而且要研究参与社会活动的主体人的心理和主观意识随时间和外部条件的变化等等。

原文有公式,我以附件形式上传了!

[ Last edited by ^_^@^_^ on 2008-6-21 at 23:45 ]
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ltl773377

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“热力学第四定律”???   只看“人的心理”这个因素就知道这个所谓的公式是个不伦不类的东西。只能说其是哗众,宠是取不到的。
34楼2008-06-27 15:04:52
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hanks2010

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wu

什么啊?实在看不懂了
2楼2008-01-06 12:08:02
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buffaloli

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热四定律 与热力学关系远了一些。

[ Last edited by buffaloli on 2008-1-7 at 08:00 ]
3楼2008-01-06 12:48:50
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zhenmafudan

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nxl5096224(金币+8,VIP+0):谢谢分享~
引用回帖:
Originally posted by hanks2010 at 2008-1-6 12:08:
什么啊?实在看不懂了

就是强调要多花时间,节约每一分钟.

不过我最近看了一本书,叫The Lazy Person's Guide to Success,觉得很有启发:

http://zhenmafudan.yculblog.com/post.2787809.html

最近,在书店里买了一本E.J. Zelinski写的The Lazy Person's Guide to Success。这本书在写作方面的缺点是非常啰唆,看了前言部分就知道整本书的意思; 优点是有些观点很有启发性。

这本书的要点是: 现代西方社会,物质丰富了,生产力水平高了,但是为什么那么多职业人士感到压力大、焦虑、对工作和生活缺乏满足感呢?原因就是因为太勤奋了!人们传统地认为成功必须建筑在长工作时间、牺牲闲暇时间上,但是作者认为工作时间长了,生活时间就少了,导致满足感和幸福消失了。现代社会很多人在追求钱和物质占有,把钱多当作是幸福。但是作者认为这不是幸福,相反只有牺牲了闲暇时光。应该追求那些对自己的生活真正重要的东西 ,而不是那些不重要的东西 ,比如更耀眼的职位名称、更大的房子 、更时髦的跑车。那么,为什么有的人追求这些时髦的东西呢?是因为别人也在追求。作者呼吁:要认清什么东西对自己的幸福重要,而不要跟着别人追求时髦。要得到成功,重要的不是工作长时间,而是有效地利用时间。当你甄别出什么事情对你来说真正重要的时候,你就能有效地抓住它,把事情有效地做好,聪明地工作。

p. 11. "As hard as it may be for you to believe, you can work less and still earn more money and enjoy life much more. It's a basic matter of following the adage of working smart and not hard. Time devoted to hard work is generally poorly used time, whereas time given to creativity and imagination is the most effectively used time. Clearly, it's how effectively you use what you have that counts. The  wise use of the assets you have--time, energy, creativity, motivation, money, patience, and courage--is what will bring you success and happiness over the long run."

[我的思考] 的确,中国人和美国人有很多文化上的差异。你看中国新闻记者说学习好、科研好的人物,无论是拿挑战杯特等奖的还是硕士毕业拿博士学位的田博之,都是反复强调一天工作学习十几个小时,但是这在美国并不被强调!到了美国后,曾经参加中期口试,最后一张投影薄膜是反映我看了多少杂志的文章才整理出这个报告的,会后,博导对我说: 重要的不是看了多少文献,而是得到什么结果; 做报告的时候别人也不看究竟每周工作几个小时,别人在乎的只是报告反映的科学本身,要用科学来鼓舞听众,让听众觉得你厉害。即使你花了很多时间,也要讲得很轻松。

p. 13. "It should go without saying that you must be good at identifying what is important in your life and what isn't. What is important includes not only activities in which you are involved today, but also goals that you are pursuing. Once you are crystal clear which things will bring you the most satisfaction, you must discover the most efficient ways of getting them. This entails identifying the important activities that wull bring you the most results. Maximizing the time you spend doing what you love and the things you are good will help you attain what you want in life. By the same token, you must minimize the time you spend on things that you don't like and on things that you aren't good at."

[我的思考] 重要的观点! 就是要知道What I really want? What I really care? What really matters to me? 知道自己要什么以后,依照自己喜欢的去做,就能带来满足感。这里,我透露一下个人的喜好: 我喜欢审稿子,到现在我已经审了60篇稿子。每次接到审稿任务,我几乎都当天审稿,最晚一个星期给编辑答复。每篇审稿意见都有存档,审完稿子以后,马上在电脑文件里面记录什么时候审的稿子、什么稿子、什么编辑、审稿结果,并及时更新自己的简历,盘点自己为什么杂志审稿多少篇。学术兴趣和责任感当然是一方面,另外一方面是当然有好处:无论对于申请绿卡还是申请教授都有好处。举这个例子就是说: 带着目的性去做事情就有乐趣。

p. 37. "Probably the hardest thing about living a satisfying and prosperous life is to be true to your own fancies and refrain from going along with the masses. At the best of time, chasing after the approval of others by emulating them is zero-results game. To be impressed by others and their possessions is to lose your true self. Being true and fully who you are requires knowing what's important to you, and only to you. You have to make sure that your life's choices are your own."

[我的思考] 重要的观点! 就是不要随大流,要成为自己想成为的人,不要成为别人想要我成为的人 。举个例子: 以前很多同学成绩和科研都出类拔萃,进入美国名牌大学,成为大家注意的焦点。老师想让他成为的人是当教授,为母校争光。新闻记者想让他成为的人是依然回中国报销祖国。但是这样的好同学名牌大学毕业出来后去了工业界而不是学术界。一开始,也许很多旁观者都搞不懂。但是没有什么好搞不懂的,因为这本书说了,选择是自己的,要成为自己想成为的人,不要成为别人想要自己成为的人 。

p. 39. "This is the most important point made in this book: for more success in your life, try working less but thinking more than the average person in society does. The degree to which you develop your ability to think differently and creatively will determine how successful your become and how hard you will have to work to attain your success."

[我的思考] 重要的观点! 就是要少干活、多思考。好比说要经常反思一下: 自己做的实验,百分之多少是有用的? 多少浪费了?一天的工作,多少时间有用的,多少时间浪费了?

p. 39. "In this regard, you most creative shortcut to success is to think more about what success means to you. Ultimately, you will make yourself successful or unsuccessful just by the way you define success. Success to me is having the freedom and independence to make choices in what I do with my life. It means doing what I what at the time I choose."

[我的思考] 在mitbbs.com和日常生活议论,一些在美国的中国人总喜欢说某些人是loser。我也曾经在以前博导面前说某些人是loser。博导说,什么叫loser,什么叫winner?有些人的人生目的不是博士毕业当教授,因此不能因为有些人没有当教授就说别人是loser。只要达到自己的目的(虽然这些目的在有些人眼里很傻),就不是loser。这些话和这本书的观念类似: 成功是自己界定的,不要管别人怎么想。

p. 43. "Success to me is having not only the time, but the ability to enjoying leisure activities a lot. Many billionairs and multimillionairs may have the money to play at the most expensive games in the world, but they don't have the ability to take it easy and enjoy the activities that don't cost any money. The way I see it, billionairs who don't have time to stop and talk to a street person for five minutes--to see what makes the street person tick--are missing out a lot in life."

[我的思考] 大意是: 富人有钱 ,却未必幸福。穷人也有穷人的乐趣。

p. 45. "Like many authors, I receive feedback from readers. There is no greater satisfaction than receiving a handwritten letter, email, or phone call from someone who has benefited greatly from reading my books."

[我的思考] 对作者来说,自己的书出版后收到读者来信是一种乐趣。对我来说,写博客看到每天点击次数上升也是乐趣,虽然没有钱拿的。看来很多人的想法是相通的。

p. 211. "Clearly, being successful at work is irrelevant if you are a failure at home. It's possible to be a huge success at work and to miss out on life completely. You shouldn't sacrifice present happiness for a few extra lousy bucks, especially if only to spend the money frivously on gadgets that won't ehnance your life significantly."

[我的思考] 大意是说,要保持工作和家庭的平衡; 事业再成功,如果家庭失败了,也没有用。看过一部电影叫Devil's Advocate (魔鬼的代言人),说一个年轻律师被开律师事务所的魔鬼看中,帮魔鬼干活。虽然他在事业上节节胜利,帮别人辩护总是成功的,但是疏远了妻子,不听妻子的劝告,总是想得到更多的成功,花更多时间在工作上。最后妻子死了,他才醒悟,和魔鬼同归于尽。

这使我想到,保持工作(科研)----生活(家庭)----职业发展(出国留学或找工作)的平衡是如何重要。以前我犯的一个错误就是该复习GRE的时候,还想多做几个实验,结果GRE也考砸了。还有一件事情就是以前出国面试的时候考官问:"你有什么业余爱好?" 我说:"我是个研究生,我的业余爱好就是在实验室里做实验。"结果对方大学不要我。现在读了很多面试的书,就知道其中奥妙。道理很简单: 业余生活丰富的人身心健康,全面发展,具有更强的抗压性和心理承受能力。考官其实想问的是我是否能保持工作(科研)和生活的平衡。联想到现在,光做好科研,不看面试的书,能找到好工作吗?职业发展规划和培训要不要啦?

p. 237. "Lack of time is not the problem; the problem is how we handle time. People who are the most productive and prosperous are those who invest their time in a few important activities and pursue them at a comfortable rate. They use their time effciently and differently."

[我的思考] 现在中国老师中国记者总是说科研上取得成就的年轻学生怎么怎么用功,其实这并不是本质的因素。很简单,好比说一个同学四年出24篇美国化学会志,而一个同学什么也没有出。这就不是用功和不用功的区别,因为前者再用功,花的时间最多也是后者的两倍,并不是24和0的区别,因此强调用功是没有用的。秘诀在于"They use their time effciently and differently."

p. 245. 作者在这里提到了著名的"80/20原理"。1906年意大利经济学家Vilfredo Pareto提出所谓"80/20原理",大意是80%的财富掌握在20%的人的手里。后来人们发现这个原理有普遍性: 系里80%的文章是20%的人出的; 80%的物品损失是由20%的缺陷引起的; 80%的被引用次数是20%文章带来的。这个原理给我们的启示是: 要把重点放在那些的确能带来影响的20%的东西。关于这个原理,可以看网页: http://management.about.com/cs/g ... /a/Pareto081202.htm

举个例子: 文章发表后,老板突然想补些边角料的东西,这当然不值得了,因为最重要的东西已经实现了它的价值了(即被发表了),再补边角料的东西也出不了文章,还浪费时间。

再举个例子: 以前读博士的时候一段时间科研没有进展,正巧在这个时候老板收到邀请写综述,于是他就叫我写,当然他希望一边做实验一边写综述 。但是我想到既然最近实验没有进展,无法安心做实验,一下子也出不了文章; 而我如果把心思花在写综述上,两个月稳保有篇文章,保证自己每年两篇文章的产量。 于是我停下实验来写综述,等两个月后综述写完了没有事情做了再安心做实验,这时候由于经过一段时间冷静,实验也迎刃而解。结论: 做这段时间效率最高最容易产出的事情,避开鸡蛋碰石头。

p. 249. "Albert Schweitzer advised, 'Think first, then do.' Many people get frantically involved in a lot of activities without ever getting around to thinking why they are involved in them. Consequently, they spend most of their efforts on unproductive activities. It shouldn't be a surprise that they are continually stressed out and time-deprived."

[我的思考] 做实验不也是一样的吗???

p. 273. "One of the most important factors for enjoying life to the fullest is an absence of envy for others. Envy, in fact, is the satisfaction and happiness that we think others are experiencing but aren't. Many, perhaps most, of the individuals we envy aren't any happier than we are. Envy and unhappiness go hand in hand. Envy of even one person is a mistake. Comparing your position with that of others can lead to disillusionment and frustration. You will end up unfairly thinking well of others and disliking yourself."

[我的思考] 说的好! 以前我有没有嫉妒别人?有的。我曾经嫉妒我的同学,四年24篇文章,直接当长江学者了。但是我的博导说: Don't compare yourself with somebody else; that will only let you down (down的意思就是沮丧的)。后来我也不在乎了。关于嫉妒,这里有部电影叫Swinfan。

总结: 这本书有点意思, 就是非常啰唢.
4楼2008-01-06 13:05:51
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