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求高手帮忙翻译下，关于阻燃剂的。。。万分感谢~~！ 已有1人参与
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八).阻燃剂:防火的场合使用; 以树脂和橡胶为基体的复合材料含有大量的有机化合物，具有一定的可燃性。阻燃剂是一类能阻止聚合物材料引燃或抑制火焰传插的添加剂。又称难燃剂，耐火剂或防火剂。赋予易燃聚合物难燃性的功能性助剂。依应用方式分为添加型阻燃剂和反应型阻燃剂。添加型阻燃剂直接与树脂或胶料混配，加工方便，适应面广，系阻燃剂的主体；反应型阻燃剂常作为单体键合到聚合物链中，对制品性能影响小且阻燃效果持久。根据组成，添加型阻燃剂主要包括无机阻燃剂、卤系阻燃剂(有机氯化物和有机溴化物)、磷系阻燃剂(赤磷、磷酸酯及卤代磷酸酯等)和氮系阻燃剂等。反应型阻燃剂多为含反应性官能团的有机卤和有机磷的单体。此外，具有抑烟作用的钼化合物、锡化合物和铁化合物等亦属阻燃剂的范畴。主要适用于有阻燃需求的塑料，延迟或防止塑料尤其是高分子类塑料的燃烧，使其点燃时间增长，点燃自熄，难以点燃 （1）溴系阻燃剂含溴阻燃剂包括脂肪族、脂环族、芳香族及芳香-脂肪族的含溴化合物，这类阻燃剂阻燃效率高，其阻燃效果是氯第阻燃剂的两倍，相对用量少，对复合材料的力学性能几乎没有影响，并能显着降低燃气中卤化氢的含量，而且该类阻燃剂与基体树脂互容性好，即使再苛刻的条件下也无喷出现象。 （2）氯系阻燃剂 氯系阻燃剂由于其人格便宜，目前仍是大量使用的阻燃剂。氯含量最高的氯化石蜡是工业上重要的阻燃剂，由于热稳定性差，仅适用于加工温度低于200℃的复合材料，氯化脂环烃和四氯邻苯二甲酸酐热稳定性较高，常用作不饱和树脂的阻燃剂。 （3）磷系阻燃剂、有机磷化物是添加型阻燃剂; 该类阻燃剂燃烧时生成的偏磷酸可形成稳定的多聚体，覆盖于复 合材料表面隔绝氧和可燃物，起到阻燃作用，其阻燃效果优于溴化 物，要达到同样的阻燃效果，溴化物用量为磷化物的4～7倍。该类阻燃剂主要有磷（膦）酸酯和含卤磷酸酯及卤化磷等，广泛地用于环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚氨酯、聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、ABS等。 （4）无机阻燃剂 无机阻燃剂是根据其化学结构习惯分出的一类阻燃剂，包括氧化 锑、氢氧化铝、氢氧化镁及硼酸锌等。 目前市面上常用阻燃剂即是此类无机阻燃剂; |
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3楼2014-01-01 20:37:04
befair
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wubinwww: 金币+50, ★★★★★最佳答案 2014-01-01 20:36:55
hanches: 金币+3, 感谢这么认真的应助！ 2014-01-02 22:29:18
感谢参与，应助指数 +1
wubinwww: 金币+50, ★★★★★最佳答案 2014-01-01 20:36:55
hanches: 金币+3, 感谢这么认真的应助！ 2014-01-02 22:29:18
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8. Fire retardants: places for fire prevention application Composite materials with resin and rubber as base contain large amount of organic composites and are to a certain extent combustible. Fire retardants are a type of additives that can prevent polymer material from igniting or retard flame propagation. They are also called flame retardants, fire-proofing agents or fire preventive agents. Fire retardants are functional additives to combustible polymer to enable its resistance to combustion. By applications they can be divided into additive retardants and reactive retardants. The former is directly mixed in proportion with resins or rubber material, easy to prepare and widely adaptable and is the mainstream of fire retardants. The latter is often bonded into chain polymers as monomers, which not only has small impacts on product performance but also offers longer fire retarding effects. By composition, additive fire retardants mainly include inorganic retardants, halogenated fire retardants (inorganic chlorides and organic bromides), phosphorous fire retardants (red phosphorus, phosphate and halogenated phosphate etc) as well as nitrogenised fire retardants. Reactive fire retardants are mostly organic halide and organic phosphorus monomers containing reactive functional groups. In addition, molybdenum compounds, tin compounds and iron compounds that have smoke suppression effects are all in the field of fire retardants. They are mainly suitable for plastics that needs fire retardation such that combustion of plastics, and in particular, polymeric plastics is delayed or prevented. Ignition time is made longer and flames extinguishes itself and it is hard to ignite. (1) Brominated fire retardants contain Brominated retardants including aliphatic, alicyclic,aromatic and aliphaticaromatic bromine compounds. This type of retardants is highly effective and their retardation effects are twice that of chlorine retardants. The amount consumed is small and it has hardly any impact on the mechanical properties of the composites. Contents of hydrogen halides in the combustion gases is significantly reduced. Morever, this type of fire retardants has good compatibility with the base resin and no upwelling will occur even under severe conditions. (2) Chlorine fire retardants Chlorine fire retardants are currently the most used retardants due to its low price. Chlorinated paraffin that contains highest chlorine is an important industrial fire retardant but due to its low heat stability, it is only suitable for composite materials with machining temperature lower than 200℃.Chlorinated alicyclic hydrocarbon and tetrachlorophthalic anhydride have higher heat stability and are often used as fire retardants for unsaturated resins. (3) Phosphorous fire retardants, organic phosphorus additive fire retardants At combustion, this type of retardants generates metaphosphoric acid which forms stable multimers and covers the surface of the composite material such that oxygen and combustible materials are isolated and fire is retarded. Its retardation effect is better than bromide and for the same retardation effect; the amount of bromides used is 4-7 times that of phosphorous fire retardants. This type of fire retardants include mainly phosphonate ester, halogenated phosphate and phosphorus halide etc and are widely used in epoxy resin, phenolic resin, polyester, polycarbonate, polyurethane,PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene and ABS etc. (4) Inorganic fire retardants Inorganic fire retardants are a type of retardants classified according to conventional chemical structures and they include antimony oxide, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and zinc borate etc. Currently the common fire retardants in the market place are of this type of inorganic fire retardants. 供参考 |
2楼2014-01-01 13:14:19