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[资源] 海外化学资源第53本《 Amino Acids Biochemistry and Nutrition》pdf

书名AminoAcidsBiochemistry and Nutrition
作者 Guoyao wu
页数 482
语言英语
价格14美元
出版社 CRC PRESS
isbn 978-1-4398-6190-5
目录Chapter 1 Discovery and Chemistry of Amino Acids...........................................1
Definition and Nomenclature of AA.....................................................1
Definition of AA...............................................................................1
Definition of Imino Acids.................................................................3
Isomers of AA..................................................................................3
Protein and Nonprotein AA.............................................................5
Free and Peptide (Protein)-Bound AA.............................................5
Discovery of AA...................................................................................8
l-AA and Glycine.............................................................................8
β- and γ-AA with Physiological Significance................................ 15
d-AA............................................................................................... 16
Presence of d-AA in Foods....................................................... 16
Presence of d-AA in the Animal Kingdom............................... 17
Chemical Properties of AA................................................................. 18
Physical Appearance and Melting Points of Crystalline AA......... 18
Tastes of Crystalline AA................................................................20
Solubility of AA in Water and Organic Solvents...........................20
Zwitterionic Form of AA............................................................... 21
Stability of AA in Water and Buffered Solutions...........................22
Stability of AA in Water under High Pressure and High
Temperature....................................................................................23
Stability of AA in Strong Acid and Alkaline Solutions.................23
Chemical Reactions of AA.............................................................24
Chemical Reactions of the Amino Group in α-AA..................24
Chemical Reactions of the Carboxyl Group in α-AA...............26
Chemical Reactions of the Side Chain in α-AA.......................27
Chemical Reactions Involving Both the Amino and
Carboxyl Groups of α-AA.........................................................27
Proteins...........................................................................................30
Peptides versus Proteins.................................................................30
Summary............................................................................................. 31
References........................................................................................... 32
Chapter 2 Protein Digestion and Absorption of Peptides and Amino Acids....... 33
Classification and Content of Protein in Diets....................................34
Classification of Protein.................................................................34
vi
Contents
Content of Foodstuff Proteins of Animal and Plant Origin...........34
Definitions of Digestion and Absorption............................................35
Digestion.........................................................................................35
Absorption......................................................................................35
Developmental Changes in Intestinal Digestion and Absorption.....37
Protein Digestion and Absorption of Peptides and AA in Monogastric Animals........................................................38
Historical Perspective of Protein Digestion and Absorption..........38
Digestion of Dietary Protein in the Gastrointestinal Tract............38
Determination of Protein Digestibility...........................................40
Absorption of Free AA and Small Peptides by the Small Intestine..........................................................................................42
Transport of Free AA via Transmembrane Transporters..........42
Transport of AA via the γ-Glutamyl Cycle...............................42
Transport of Small Peptides......................................................42
Net Balance of AA across the Small Intestine in Fed Animals.....46
Extensive Recycling of Nitrogen in the Intestine of Animals........48
Protein Digestion and Absorption of Peptides and AA in Ruminants.......................................................................................51
Nutritional Significance of Protein Digestion in Ruminants.........51
Digestion of Dietary Protein in the Gastrointestinal Tract............52
Absorption of Free AA and Small Peptides by the Small Intestine..........................................................................................55
Nitrogen Recycling in Ruminants and Its Nutritional Implications....................................................................................55
Protecting High-Quality Protein from Rumen Degradation..........56
Heating.......................................................................................57
Chemical Treatments.................................................................57
Polyphenolic Phytochemicals....................................................57
Physical Encapsulation of Proteins or AA................................59
Inhibition of AA Degradation...................................................59
Summary.............................................................................................59
References...........................................................................................60
Chapter 3 Synthesis of Amino Acids...................................................................63
Synthesis of AA in Tissues and Cells of Animals..............................64
General Considerations..................................................................64
Cell-, Tissue-, and Species-Specific Synthesis of AA....................64
General Pathways for Synthesis of AA in Animal Cells....................70
Overall Pathways for Synthesis of AA in Animal Cells................70
Historical Aspects of AA Transamination.....................................70
Specific Pathways for Synthesis of AA in Animal Cells....................72
Synthesis of Alanine, Glutamine, and Glutamate in Animal Cells....72
Synthesis of Arginine, Citrulline, and Ornithine in Animal Cells.....74
Synthesis of Cysteine and Taurine in Animal Cells.......................76
vii
Contents
Synthesis of Glycine and Serine in Animal Cells..........................76
Synthesis of Methylarginines in Animal Cells..............................79
Synthesis of Proline and Hydroxyproline in Animal Cells............81
Synthesis of Tyrosine in Animal Cells...........................................82
Formation of β-Alanine in Animal Cells.......................................83
Pathways for Synthesis of AA in Microorganisms.............................83
Overall Pathways for Synthesis of AA in Microorganisms...........83
Pathways for Synthesis of NEAA in Microorganisms...................84
Pathways for Synthesis of EAA in Microorganisms......................87
Synthesis of d-AA in Animal Cells and Bacteria...............................91
Conversion of d-AA to l-AA in Animal Cells and Bacteria..............92
Summary.............................................................................................93
References...........................................................................................94
Chapter 4 Degradation of Amino Acids..............................................................97
General Characteristics of AA Degradation in Animal Cells............97
Overall View of AA Catabolism....................................................97
Cell- and Tissue-Specific Degradation of AA..............................103
Pathways for Degradation of AA in Animal Cells...........................105
Historical Perspective...................................................................105
Catabolism of Alanine, Aspartate, Asparagine, Glutamate, and Glutamine..............................................................................106
Catabolism of Arginine, Citrulline, and Ornithine......................111
Catabolism of BCAA...................................................................118
Catabolism of Glycine and Serine................................................123
Catabolism of Histidine................................................................124
Catabolism of Lysine....................................................................127
Catabolism of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine..................................128
Catabolism of Proline...................................................................128
Catabolism of Sulfur-Containing AA..........................................131
Catabolism of Threonine..............................................................134
Catabolism of Tryptophan............................................................135
Catabolism of d-AA in Animal Cells...............................................138
Catabolism of l-AA and d-AA in Microorganisms.........................138
Summary...........................................................................................142
References.........................................................................................143
Chapter 5 Synthesis and Catabolism of Special Nitrogenous Substances from Amino Acids............................................................................145
Production of Dipeptides Consisting of Histidine or Its Methylated Derivatives............................................................145
History of Research on Carnosine and Related Dipeptides in Animal Tissues.............................................................................145

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海外化学资源第53本《 Amino Acids Biochemistry and Nutrition》pdf-1

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