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Astronomical optics
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Foreword This is a textbook on astronomical optics and as such is unique. There are many good optics texts available, but none that tells how astronomers "do it with mirrors." The largest lens-type telescope is the Yerkes Observatory 40-in. refractor. To provide greater light-collecting capability it was neces- sary to utilize back-supported reflecting optics. Thus all large modern astro- nomical telescopes are reflectors rather than refractors. Two other impor- tant advantages accrue from the use of reflecting optics: the absence of chromatic aberration and the extension to spectral regions where the choice of transmitting material is limited. While the properties of the two-mirror telescope family are fully ex- plored, the analytic tools that the author develops are equally capable of describing optical systems of all kinds. The first half of the book is devoted to geometrical optics, based on one powerful unifying concept, Fermat's principle. Within the framework of that principle, the design concepts and system aberrations of a variety of instruments, reflecting, refracting, and dispersing, are discussed in detail. The second part of the book expands the analysis to wave optics and the relationship between the point spread func- tion and the modulation transfer function. The author has done an excellent job of making understandable the tools that he has used in the successful design of a number of instruments now in active use. Two traditional approaches to the design of optical systems have been the analytic methods described here and the numerical technique of ray tracing. The evolution of a modern complex optical system usually follows both paths. The conceptual design and determination of the range of permissible parameters are probably best understood within the flexibility of the ana- lytic approach. Final optical design may then be carried out using one of the powerful computer programs that optimize the system for dozens of aber- rations simultaneously. For the optical engineer, the numerical techniques available today are essential. For the scientists who use optical instruments I believe that an understanding of the analytic basis of optical design is a valuable addition to their education. For the astronomer, in particular, I believe that an acquaintance with astronomical optics is essential. For this reason I have from time to time taught such a course. This book partially owes its origin to such a course, which I enjoyed teaching in collaboration with Dan Schroeder. I believe that it is essential to an astronomer's training because an astronomer should understand the instruments that provide the observational basis on which discovery and insight are established. Often, too, new discoveries or insights suggest new measurements. Knowledge of optical design illuminates the possibilities for these new explorations. The astronomer should be able to develop conceptual designs for an instrument that he or she would like to have. The next decade should see the emergence of a new breed of optical telescope, telescopes that depart radically from the kind that have served astronomers for the past half a century. The pressure to construct more effi- cient telescopes with much greater light-collecting power comes about from the many exciting discoveries about the origin and evolution of the universe. The ability to construct these supertelescopes comes about because of the remarkable advances in technology during the last decade. These include lightweight materials, computer-aided design and control, and ingenious optical configurations. The first of these new telescopes is to go into space. The author, who is one of the two telescope scientists for the Hubble Space Telescope, has called upon this experience in the preparation of this book. Some of the subtleties of telescope design only manifest themselves at the level of the precision required for diffraction-limited performance achiev- able in space. The final chapter describes the use of multiple-aperture telescopes to enhance the light-collecting power of telescopes of the future. This is an area currently being pursued by several groups. While I expect that the nature of both astronomical optics and the research carried out will continue to change at an increasing rate, the basic principles enunciated here will remain valuable for many years. This volume should serve well as both a textbook and a reference book for future practi- tioners of the magic art of "doing it with mirrors." ARTHUR D. CODE Download link：http://www.isload.com.cn/store/wpfhw7ckzpqgh [ Last edited by zhq025 on 2008-1-16 at 11:01 ] |
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