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Laser Material Processing
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Contents Prologue 1 Chapter 1. Background and General Applications 7 1.1. How the Laser Works 7 1.1.1. Construction 7 1.1.2. Stimulated Emission Phenomenon 10 1.2. Types of Industrial Lasers 15 1.2.1. Carbon Dioxide Lasers 15 1.2.2 Carbon Monoxide Lasers 19 1.2.3. Solid State Lasers 19 1.2.4. Diode Lasers 20 1.2.5. Excimer Lasers 20 1.3. Comparison Between Lasers 22 1.4. Applications of Lasers 23 1.4.1. Powerful Light 24 1.4.2. Alignment 24 1.4.3. Measurement of Length 24 1.4.4. Pollution Detection 27 1.4.5. Velocity Measurement 27 1.4.6. Holography 29 1.4.7. Speckle Interferometry 30 1.4.8. Inspection 32 1.4.9. Analytic Technique 32 1.4.10 Recording 32 1.4.11. Communications 33 1.4.12. Heat Source 33 1.4.13. Medical 34 1.4.14. Printing 36 1.4.15. Isotope Separation 36 1.4.16. Atomic Fusion .< 36 1.5. Market for Laser Applications 37 x Contents Chapter 2. Basic Laser Optics 40 2.1. The Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation 40 2.2. Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation with Matter 43 2.2.1. Non Linear Effects 45 2.3. Reflection (or Absorption) 46 2.3.1. Wavelength 47 2.3.2. Temperature 47 2.3.3. Surface Films 47 2.3.4. Angle of Incidence 48 2.3.5. Material and Surface Roughness 50 2.4. Refraction 50 2.5. Laser Beam Characteristics 52 2.5.1. Wavelength 52 2.5.2. Coherence 53 2.5.3. Mode and Beam Diameter 53 2.5.4. Polarisation 56 2.6. Focussing with a Single Lens 56 2.6.1. Focal Spot Size 56 2.6.2. Depth of Focus 61 2.7. Optical Components 61 2.7.1. Lens Doublets 61 2.7.2. Depolarisers 63 2.7.3. Collimators 63 2.7.4. Metal Optics , 64 Chapter 3. Laser Cutting 69 3.1. Introduction 69 3.1.1. Cut quality Characteristics 70 3.1.2. Process Characteristics 70 3.2. The Process - How It Is Done 70 3.3. Methods of Cutting 72 3.3.1. Vaporisation Cutting 72 3.3.2. Fusion Cutting - Melt and Blow 75 3.3.3. Reactive Fusion Cutting 80 3.3.4. Controlled Fracture 81 3.3.5. Scribing 82 3.3.6. Cold Cutting 82 3.4. Theoretical Models of Cutting 84 3.5. Practical Performance 84 3.5.1. Beam Properties 85 3.5.2. Transport Properties 88 3.5.3. Gas Properties 89 3.5.4. Material Properties 94 Contents xi 3.6. Examples of Applications 94 3.7. Costed Examples 100 3.8. Process Variations 101 3.8.1. Arc Augmented Laser Cutting 101 3.8.2. Hot Machining 101 3.9. Future Developments « 102 3.10. Worked Example of Power Requirements 103 Chapter 4. Laser Welding 108 4.1. Introduction 108 4.2. Process Arrangement 110 4.3. Process Mechanisms - Keyholes and Plasmas 113 4.4. Operating Characteristics 117 4.4.1. Power 118 4.4.2. Spot Size and Mode 121 4.4.3. Polarisation 121 4.4.4. Wavelength 121 4.4.5. Speed 121 4.4.6. Focal Position 124 4.4.7. Joint Geometries 124 4.4.8. Gas Shroud and Gas Pressure 129 4.4.9. Material Properties 133 4.4.10. Gravity 135 4.5. Process Variations 137 4.5.1. Arc Augmented Laser Welding 137 4.5.2. Twin Beam Laser Welding 137 4.5.3. Walking Beams 137 4.6. Applications 137 4.7. Costed Example 141 Chapter 5. Heat Flow Theory 145 5.1. Introduction 145 5.2. Analytic Models in One Dimensional Heat Flow 150 5.3. Analytic Models for a Stationary Point Source 153 5.3.1. The Instantaneous Point Source 153 5.3.2. The Continuous Point Source 154 5.3.3. Sources other than Point Sources 155 5.4. Analytic Models for a Moving Point Source 155 5.5. Alternative Surface Heating Models 157 5.5.1. Ashby Shercliff - Moving hypersurface line source 157 5.5.2. Davis et al. Model - Moving Gaussian Source 157 5.6. Analytic Keyhole Models - Line Source Solution 159 5.7 Analytic Moving Point-Line Source Solution 162 5.8. Finite Difference Models 163 xn Contents 5.9. Semi-Quantitative Models 165 5.10. Flow Models 168 5.11. Conclusions 168 5.12. List of Symbols 169 Chapter 6. Laser Surface Treatment 172 6.1. Introduction 172 6.2. Laser Heat Treatment 176 6.2.1. Heat Flow 181 6.2.2. Mass Flow by Diffusion 183 6.2.3. Mechanism of Transformation Process 183 6.2.4. Properties of Transformed Steels 186 6.3. Laser Surface Melting 187 6.3.1. Solidification Mechanisms 192 6.4. Laser Surface Alloying 196 6.4.1. Process Variations 197 6.4.2. Applications 198 6.5. Laser Cladding 199 6.5.1. Laser Cladding with Preplaced Powder 200 6.5.2. Blown Powder Laser Cladding 202 6.6. Particle Injection 204 6.7. Surface Texturing 205 6.8. Enhanced Electroplating 205 6.9. Laser Chemical Vapour Deposition 208 6.10. Laser Physical Vapour Deposition 208 6.11. Non Contact Bending 209 6.12. Magnetic Domain Control 209 6.13. Stereolithography 211 6.13.1. Model Design 211 6.13.2. Model Slicing and Data Preparation 213 6.13.3. Model Creation by Stereolithography 213 6.13.4. Postcuring 213 6.14. Paint Stripping 214 6.15. Conclusions 214 Chapter 7. Laser Automation and In-Process Sensing.. 220 7.1. Automation Principles 220 7.2. In-Process Monitoring 223 7.2.1. Monitoring Beam Characteristics 225 7.2.2. Monitoring Work Table Characteristics 232 7.2.3. Monitoring Workpiece Characteristics 234 7.3. In-Process Control 235 7.3.1. In-Process Power Control 236 Contents xiu 7.3.2. In-Process Temperature Control 237 7.4. "Intelligent" In-Process Control 237 7.5. Conclusions 239 Chapter 8. Laser Safety 244 8.1. The Dangers 244 8.2. The Safety Limits 245 8.2.1. Damage to the Eye 245 8.2.2. Damage to the Skin 245 8.3. Laser Classification 248 8.4. Typical Class 4 Safety Arrangements 249 8.5. Where Are the Risks in a Properly Set Up Facility? 250 8.6 Electrical Hazards 250 8.7. Fume Hazards 250 8.8. Conclusions 251 Epilogue 253 Download link：http://www.isload.com.cn/store/m77wzjxmh3dp2 [ Last edited by zhq025 on 2008-1-16 at 11:01 ] |
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