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求帮忙翻译，主要是departures from unity不理解
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PSCs typically have ideality factors in the range 1.5–2 due to their inherent disorder, and departures from unity are attributed to various recombination mechanisms inside band-to-band transitions, that is, trapassisted and tail state recombination. |
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2楼2013-12-07 20:50:17
befair
铁杆木虫 (正式写手)
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3楼2013-12-07 21:27:24
【答案】应助回帖
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砉牛: 金币+3, 翻译EPI+1, ★★★很有帮助 2013-12-08 10:19:03
砉牛: 金币+3, 翻译EPI+1, ★★★很有帮助 2013-12-08 10:19:03
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nacreous [ 'nekrɪəs ] a. 真珠质的, 有光彩的 [医] 真珠色的 PSCs Web definitions Polar stratospheric clouds or PSCs, also known as // nacreous clouds/, are clouds in the winter polar stratosphere at altitudes of 15,000–25,000 meters. They are best observed during civil twilight when the sun is between 1 and 6 degrees below the horizon. ... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSCs # stratospheric strat.o.spher.ic adj.（形容词） 1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of the stratosphere. 平流层的：属于、关于平流层的或具有平流层的典型特征的 2. Extremely or unreasonably high: 极高的：极高的或高得不合情理的： “money borrowed at today's stratospheric rates of interest”(&b{New York Times}) “在今天极高利息率的时代借的钱”(纽约时报) # unity 《源自拉丁文“1”的意思》 # stratosphere 1. The region of the atmosphere above the troposphere and below the mesosphere. 平流层：位于对流层之上中顶层之下的范围的大气 2. An extremely high or the highest point or degree on a ranked scale: 高层：在某一分级标度内的极高的或最高的点或程度： the governmental stratosphere; business expenses in the stratosphere. 政府最高层；极高的商业支出费用 strato= [散开] *参见 stratus band-to-band transition 带间跃迁 [电子] Polymer solar cells with enhanced fill factors https://www.nature.com/nphoton/j ... c_id=NPHOTON-201310 Recent advances [最新进展/] in # polymer solar cell (PSC)[聚合物太阳能电池/] performance [性能/] have resulted from //compressing the bandgap[:压缩带隙] to enhance the //short-circuit current[:短路电流] while lowering the highest occupied molecular orbital to increase the //open-circuit voltage[:断路电压]. Nevertheless, PSC power //conversion efficiencies[:转换效率] are still constrained by low //fill factors[:填充因子], typically[同usually] below 70%. Here, we report[提出] PSCs with exceptionally [同:to an exceptional degree = 异常的] high fill factors by combining //complementary materials design[:辅助材料设计], synthesis, processing[加工] and device engineering[设计] strategies. The //donor polymers[:聚合物供体], PTPD3T and PBTI3T, when incorporated into #inverted bulk-heterojunction PSCs with a PC71BM acceptor, result in PSCs with fill factors of 76–80%. [----------------问题中的departures from unity的 同义转换 就在下句话中-----------] The //enhanced performance/ is attributed to //highly ordered, closely packed and properly oriented[:高度有序，紧密排列和方向正确的 ;就是unity的改写] active-layer microstructures[微观结构] with //optimal horizontal phase separation and vertical phase gradation[最优的水平 相分离和垂直的 相渐变]. The result is efficient charge extraction and suppressed bulk and interfacial bimolecular recombination[?????]. The high fill factors yield// power conversion efficiencies/ of up to 8.7% from polymers with suboptimal[第二最好的=次优的?] bandgaps, suggesting that efficiencies above 10% should be realizable by bandgap modification. # inverted bulk-heterojunction #heterojunction n.异质结 heterojunction is a //semiconductor junction[:半导体结] which is composed of layers of dissimilar[:不同的;unlike] semiconductor material, these materials having non-equal band gaps. In such a structure, the implementable[:可实现的] diode [二极管]characterstics can closely approach[接近] those of an idealized diode. Furthermore[此外], the diode model parameters that #define //the diode current vs. voltage response [???]can be tuned by adjusting the thicknesses and //band gaps[带隙] of the layers. 半导体的异质结是一种特殊的PN结，由两层以上不同的半导体材料薄膜依次沉积在同一基座上形成，这些材料具有不同的[能带隙]，它们可以是砷化镓之类的化合物，也可以是硅-锗之类的半导体合金。 半导体异质结构的二极管特性非常接近理想二极管。另外，通过调节半导体各材料层的厚度和能带隙，可以改变二极管电流与电压的响应参数。半导体异质结构对半导体技术具有重大影响，是高频晶体管和光电子器件的关键成分。 https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/异质结 in an environmentally benign fashion. in an environmentally benign fashion. in an environmentally benign fashion. 在一个环境友好的方式。 https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/gro ... sations/topics/3624 polymer (plastic) solar cells 聚合物（塑料?）太阳能电池 注  rganic solar cells (also called "plastic solar cells"# amorphous[没有形状的=非晶体的] silicon solar cell [ ] 非晶硅太阳电池 environmentally benign materials environmentally benign materials environmentally benign materials 对环境无害的材料 With our high fill factors, polymers with very good but not champion light absorption still are able to achieve very good efficiency." “随着我们的高填充因子，#具有非常好的，但不是冠军/的光吸收聚合物仍然能够达到很好的效率。 very good but not champion very good but not champion very good but not champion photovoltaic effect. photovoltaic effect ‘物理’光生伏特效应 注:voltaic = 伏打电的 电流的，伏打（式）的 电流的，伏打（式）的 电流的，伏打（式）的 电流的，伏打（式）的 voltaic [医] 伏打电的, [直]流电的; 动电的[∵volt = 转动 ] 电流的，伏打（式）的：通过化学反应产生的电流的 #动生电动势 motional electromotive force #感生电动势 [ ] induced electromotive force antithetical adj.对立的 antipodal adj.正反对的,恰恰相反的 de.fine v.tr.（及物动词） 1. To //state the precise meaning of/(a word or sense of a word, for example). state the precise meaning of state the precise meaning of state the precise meaning of state the precise meaning of 给…下定义：#给（例如，单词或词义）下精确的定义 2. To //describe the nature or basic qualities of; explain: 阐释：描述…的性质或基本特征；解释： define the properties of a new drug; a study that defines people according to their median incomes. define the properties of a new drug define the properties of a new drug define the properties of a new drug 解释一种新药的特性；根据人们的平均收入阐释的调查 #3. To //delineate the outline or form of/: 勾画出…的轮廓或外形： gentle hills that were defined against the sky. 在天空的衬托下显得轮廓分明的丘陵 4. To specify distinctly: 清楚地规定： define[:明确地规定] the weapons to be used in //limited warfare[:局部战争]. 5. To //serve to[:用于] distinguish; characterize: 用于分辨；显示…的特色： “portraits that defined the style of an epoch”(&b{Gloria Vanderbilt}) defined the style of an epoch defined the style of an epoch defined the style of an epoch defined the style of an epoch “表现一个时代风格特征 的描写”(格洛丽亚·范德比尔特) Fig. 1. Schematic [示意图;图解]of plastic solar cells. PET – polyethylene terephthalate, ITO – indium tin oxide, PEDOT  SS – poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), active layer (usually a polymer:fullerene blend), Al – aluminium.Mechanism[edit] Polymer solar cells usually consist of an electron- or //hole-blocking layer[空穴阻挡层/] on top of an //indium tin oxide[铟锡氧化物/] (ITO) //conductive glass[导电玻璃 /] followed by //electron donor[电子给体/] and an //electron acceptor[电子受体/] (in the case of bulk heterojunction solar cells), a hole or electron blocking layer, and metal electrode on top. The nature and order of the blocking layers – as well as the nature of the metal electrode – depends on whether the cell follows a regular or an inverted device architecture[构造方式]. In bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells, light generates #excitons[激子] with subsequent separation of charges in the interface between an electron donor and acceptor blend within the device’s active layer. //These charges[这些电荷] then transport to the device’s electrodes where these charges flow outside the cell, //perform work[??] and then re-enter the device on the opposite side. The cell's efficiency is limited by several factors especially //non-geminate recombination[非成双的重组/]. Hole mobility [空穴迁移率/]leads to faster conduction[传导] across the active layer.[7][8] Exciton 激子：由于吸收光子在固体中产生的可移动的束缚的电子-空子对 An exciton is a bound state of an electron and an imaginary particle called an electron hole in an insulator (or semiconductor), or in other words, a Coulomb correlated electron-hole pair. It is an elementary excitation, or a quasiparticle of a solid. a localized, mobile excited state of a crystal, consisting of an electron and a hole bound together. roughage 粗糙食物 (可刺激肠的蠕动营养价值低而分量多的食物; 例如纤维质,食用糠等) # bulk /bəlk/ ♫ ▶ noun the //mass or magnitude[质量或者幅度] of something large: the sheer bulk of the bags. • a large mass or shape, for example of a building or a //heavy body[高容量]: he moved quickly in spite of his bulk. • [as modifier] large in quantity[数量;] or amount[数额]: bulk[大量的] orders of more than 100 copies. large in quantity or amount large in quantity or amount large in quantity or amount large in quantity or amount 注:数量和数额有什么差别? 数量 用于物用于货 数额 用于钱用于币 [此解释纯属虚构] • (the bulk) the majority[大多数的] or greater[多的] part of something: the bulk of the traffic had passed. • #roughage in food: bread and potatoes supply energy, essential protein, and bulk. 注:roughage = rough+age • cargo that is an unpackaged mass such as grain, oil, or milk. ▶ verb [no obj.] be or seem to be of great size or importance: territorial questions bulked large in diplomatic relations. [with obj.] treat (a product) so that its quantity appears greater than it in fact is: traders were bulking up their flour with chalk.??? • [no obj.] (bulk up)// build up body mass[增重], typically in training for athletic events. build up body mass[增重],??? put on weight [ ]体重增加??? – origin Middle English: the senses ‘cargo as a whole’ and ‘heap, large quantity’ (the earliest recorded) are probably from Old Norse búlki ‘cargo’; the origin of other senses remains uncertain, perhaps arising by alteration[改变] of obsolete bouk ‘belly, body.’ The original senses are also reflected in the phrases break bulk and in bulk. break-bulk 这是形容词 Having, being, or related to shipments of goods packed in small, separable units. 非集装箱化的，分件的：把货物包装成小的、可分离的单位装载的，或与之相关的 break bulk 但这不是形容词 [经] 下货, 卸货 v in bulk (esp. of goods)// in large quantities[:大批量的], usually at a //reduced price[减价?;降价?;处理价格?;折扣价格?]: buying tomatoes in bulk from a local farmer. (of a cargo or commodity) loose[散装的]; not packaged: sugar is imported in bulk and bagged on the island. 以下内容纯属虚构: 某某因子是物理中实在的东西,比如 粗糙程度等等. 某某系数是用数字来比某某因子的大小差异.是人们为了方便理解和计算 https://zhidao.baidu.com/link?ur ... JemYNDGMXxuWVLzThH_ enhanced 提高的 hance 拱腰椭圆拱脚处的最小半径 拱腰 [建];拱腋 haunch 1. The hip, buttock, and upper thigh in human beings and animals. 腿臀部：人或动物的髋部、臀部及大腿上部 2. The loin and leg of a four-footed animal, especially as used for food: 腰腿：四足动物的腰部和腿部，尤指用来食用的部分： a haunch of venison. 一块鹿的腰腿肉 3. Architecture Either of the sides of an arch, curving down from the apex to an impost. 【建筑学】 梁腋，拱腋：拱门上任意一个从拱顶到拱墩间的部分[注是一个弧形的区域] 在近处守卫 拱腋 ==拱腰 ==梁腋 ==拱门上任意一个从拱顶到拱墩间的部分 ==haunch ==Either of the sides of an arch, curving down from the apex to an #impost.[拱墩] https://zhidao.baidu.com/link?ur ... ismsfWzqcG9-8yHt4jq trap[=hole?] assisted and //tail state[???] recombination.??? Recombination via tail states in polythiophene[聚噻吩]: //fullerene solar cells[富勒烯太阳能电池] State-of-the-art [最新型的] models used for //drift-diffusion[漂移扩散] simulations of organic //bulk heterojunction solar cells[本体异质结太阳能电池/] based on band transport are not capable of reproducing the voltage dependence of dark current density and carrier concentration of such devices, as determined by current-voltage and charge-extraction measurements. Here, we show how to correctly reproduce this experimental data by including an //exponential tail[指数曲线尾/] of //localized states[定域态/] into the //density of states[态密度] for both electrons and holes, and allowing recombination to occur between free //charge carriers[载流子] and charge carriers trapped in these states. When this recombination via tail states is included, the dependence of charge-carrier concentration on voltage is distinctly different from the case of band-to-band recombination and the dependence of recombination current on //carrier concentration[载流子密度] to a power higher than 2 can be explained. ©2011 American Physical Society # In probability theory, heavy-tailed distributions are probability distributions whose tails are not exponentially bounded[有界]:[1] that is, they have //heavier tails[较重的不可忽视的尾巴] than the exponential distribution. In many applications it is the right tail of the distribution that is of interest, but a distribution may have a heavy left tail, or both tails may be heavy. There are three important subclasses[小类] of heavy-tailed distributions, the fat-tailed distributions[粗尾分布], the long-tailed distributions and the subexponential distributions[亚指数分布]. //In practice [实际上/], all commonly [=normally/]used heavy-tailed distributions belong to the subexponential class. There is still some discrepancy[不一致] over the use of the term heavy-tailed. There are two other definitions in use. Some authors use the term to refer to those distributions which do not have all their power[??????] moments[???????] finite[有限的]; and some others to those distributions that do not have a //finite variance[有限方差/]. The definition given in this article is the most general in use, and includes all distributions encompassed by the alternative definitions, as well as those distributions such as log-normal [对数正态分布] that possess all their power moments, yet which are generally acknowledged to be heavy-tailed. (Occasionally, heavy-tailed is used for any distribution that has heavier tails than the normal distribution.) |
4楼2013-12-07 23:47:02