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A deposition technique that has rarely been applied to organic molecular materials is glancing angle deposition (GLAD), which may prove to be useful to realize ideal OPVC structures as depicted in Figure 10b. In GLAD, a large angle a between the substrate surface normal and the direction of the molecular evaporation source is chosen, while the substrate is rotated about its surface normal during deposition.[158] Due to shadowing effects on lower surface areas during island growth, highaspect- ratio nanocolumns of organic semiconductor materials can be grown,[159, 160] as shown, for instance, in Figure 12 for pentacene on ITO. It can be anticipated that by combination with a second organic layer (e.g. prepared via spin-coating) such structures may lead to improved OPVCs. |
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