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The tra genes, carried on the F plasmid, contain all the information for the conjugative process. ¡¶Instant notes in Microbiology¡· p125 ˵Ã÷£ºConjugation ·¢ÉúÔÚÔºËÉúÎÕâ¸ö¶¨ÒåÀïÃæµÄ¹Ø¼üÊÇ¡° The pilus contracts,pulling the two cells into contact¡±ÕâÖÖϸ°û¼äµÄÖ±½Ó½Ó´¥¡£Ï¸¾úÔÚ conjugation µÄʱºò£¬Á½¸öϸ°ûÖ±½Ó½Ó´¥´¦ÐÎ³É conjugation tube£¬µ¥Á´ DNA ¿ÉÒÔÖ±½Óͨ¹ýÕâ¸öͨµÀ×ªÒÆ£¬Õâ¸öͨµÀµÄÐγÉÐèÒªÓÐÏàÓ¦µÄ»ùÒò±í´ï£¨Èç pilin ÐÎ³É sex pilus£©¡£Í¨³£Çé¿öÏ conjugation ×ªÒÆµÄÊÇ´øÓÐ conjugation ±ØÐë»ùÒòµÄÖÊÁ££¬µ«ÊÇÉÙÊýÇé¿öÏÂÕâÖÖÖÊÁ£ÕûºÏµ½Ï¸¾úȾɫÌ壬¾Í¿ÉÄÜ·¢ÉúȾɫÌå×ªÒÆ (ÕâÖÖȾɫÌåÖÐÕûºÏÁË conjugative plasmid µÄ¾úÖê±»³ÆÎª high-frequency recombination, Hfr strains)¡£µ¥Á´×ªÒÆÍê±Ï£¬¹©ÌåºÍÊÜÌåϸ°û·Ö±ðºÏ³É»¥²¹Á´£¬Íê³É conjugation¡£ 2¡¢Transformation ÖÐÎÄ·ÒëΪ¡°×ª»¯¡± Certain prokaryotes are able to take up free DNA released by other bacteria. This process is called transformation. Brock p283 ˵Ã÷£ºÔºËÉúÎïµÄ transformation ¶¨ÒåÖУ¬¹Ø¼ü´ÊÊÇ free DNA£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬ÊÇÂã DNA ±¾Éí£¬²»ÊÇͨ¹ýÆäËûý½é£¨È粡¶¾£©×ªÒƵ½ÔºËÉúÎïÀïÃæ¡£ÔÚ×ÔÈ»Çé¿öÏ£¬Ä³Ð©Ï¸¾úÈܽâÒÔºóÊÍ·ÅµÄ DNA ±»ÆäËûϸ¾úÎüÊÕ¶ø·¢Éúת»¯£¬ÕâÖÖ×ÔÈ»·¢ÉúµÄת»¯ËäÈ»ÊÇ΢ÉúÎïÒÅ´«Ñ§µÄÒ»¸öÖØ´ó·¢ÏÖ£¬µ«ÊÇʵ¼ÊÒâÒå¿ÉÄܲ¢²»Ì«´ó¡£ÏÖÔÚÎÒÃÇ˵µ½×ª»¯£¬Ò»°ã¶¼ÊÇָʵÑéÊÒÄÚ´Óϸ¾úÀïÃæ´¿»¯µÄ DNA ·Ö×ÓÖ±½Óµ¼ÈëÒÅ´«ÐÔ×´ÏàÒìµÄϸ¾ú£¬±ÈÈçÖÊÁ£×ª»¯£¬ÎÒÃÇÓõÄÊÇ´¿»¯µÄÖÊÁ£ DNA ±¾Éí£¬Ã»ÓÐÈκÎý½é°ïÖú¡£´ÓÕâ¸ö¸ÅÄîµÄÄÚºÀ´Ëµ£¬Ö»Òª DNA ½øÈëϸ¾ú£¬¾ÍÍê³ÉÁËת»¯¹ý³Ì£¬ËùÒÔÕâÀï²»Éæ¼°×ª»¯µÄ DNA ÊÇ·ñ¸´ÖÆ£¬ÊÇ·ñ¸Ä±äϸ¾úµÄÒÅ´«ÐÔ×´ÒÔ¼°µ°°×ÊÇ·ñ±í´ïµÈµÈ£¬ËäȻת»¯ÊÇ·ñ³É¹¦£¬¶à°ëÖ»ÄÜͨ¹ý DNA ÊÇ·ñ¸Ä±äϸ¾úµÄÒÅ´«ÐÔ×´À´ÊµÏÖ¡£ ÔÚÕæºËÉúÎïÖУ¬ÓëÔºËÉúÎïµÄת»¯ÍêÈ«ÏàͬµÄ¹ý³Ì±»³ÆÎª£º 3¡¢Transfection ÖÐÎÄ·ÒëΪ¡°×ªÈ¾¡± The introduction of DNA into mammalian cells is called transfection. Eukaryotic microorganisms and animal and plant cells can take up DNA in a process that resembles bacterial transformation. Because the word transformation in mammalian cells is used to describe the conversion of cells to the malignant (tumorous, cancerous) state, the introduction of DNA into mammalian cells has been called transfection. Brock p998 ¶ÔÓÚÕæºËÉúÎתȾ¾ÍÊÇÔºËÉúÎïÖÐת»¯µÄͬÒå´Ê¡£Ö®ËùÒÔÔÚÕæºËÉúÎïÖÐʹÓÃתȾÕâ¸ö´ÊÀ´´úÌæ×ª»¯£¬ÊÇÒòΪÈËÃÇ֮ǰÒѾϰ¹ßÁËÓÃת»¯Õâ¸ö´Ê±íÊ¾ÕæºËϸ°û±äΪ¶ñÐÔϸ°û¡£A process by which a normal cell becomes a cancer cell. Such cells frequently show loss of growth inhibition and are called transformed or tumor cells. Brock p538 ÔºËÉúÎïÖУ¬Å¼¶ûÒ²Óõ½ transfection Õâ¸ö´Ê£¬µ±Ï¸¾úµÄת»¯¹ý³ÌÖÐÎüÊÕµÄÍâÔ´DNAÊDz¡¶¾DNAʱ¾ÍÓ¦¸Ã³Æ´Ë¹ý³ÌΪתȾ¡£Bacteria can be transformed with DNA extracted from a bacterial virus rather than from another bacterium, a process known as transfection. Brock p282 4¡¢Transduction ÖÐÎÄ·ÒëΪ¡°×ªµ¼¡± Transfer of host DNA from one cell to another by a virus. Brock p265 ˵Ã÷£º×ªµ¼ÊÇָͨ¹ý²¡¶¾½«Ò»¸öËÞÖ÷µÄDNA×ªÒÆµ½ÁíÒ»¸öËÞÖ÷µÄϸ°ûÖжøÒýÆðµÄ»ùÒòÖØ×éÏÖÏó¡£Èç¹û¹©ÌåDNAδÓëÊÜÌåDNA·¢ÉúÖØ×éÔò³Æ´Ëתµ¼¹ý³ÌΪÁ÷²úתµ¼Abortive transduction: a type of transduction in which the donor DNA is not integrated with the recipient chromosome but persists as a nonreplicating fragment that can physiologically and can be transmitted to one daughter cell at each cell division. תµ¼Õâ¸ö¸ÅÄîÓÐÈý¸ö¹Ø¼ü´Ê£º²¡¶¾¡¢ËÞÖ÷DNA¡¢ÕûºÏ£¨integrate£©¡£Ê×ÏÈ£¬×ªµ¼Ò»°ãÓÃÓÚÃèÊöͨ¹ý²¡¶¾¶ø·¢ÉúµÄ»ùÒò×ªÒÆ£»Æä´Î£¬×ªÒƵıØÐëÊÇËÞÖ÷µÄ DNA£¬²¡¶¾¸ÐȾµÄʱºò£¬²»ÉÙ²¡¶¾ DNA ¶¼¿ÉÄÜÕûºÏµ½ÊÜÌå»ùÒò×飬Èç¹ûûÓв¡¶¾ÒÔÍâµÄËÞÖ÷ DNA£¬Õâ¸ö¹ý³Ì¾Í²»ÄܽÐ×öתµ¼¡£×ÔÈ»Çé¿öÏ£¬Ò»Ð©²¡¶¾ÓëËÞÖ÷ DNA ·¢ÉúÖØ×飬ÐγÉеIJ¡¶¾»ùÒò×飬°ü×°ÒÔºó¸ÐȾÆäËûϸ°û£¬¾Í²úÉúתµ¼¡£ÊµÑéÑо¿ÖУ¬³£ÓûùÒòÖØ×éµÄ°ì·¨°ÑÄ¿µÄ DNA ²åÈ벡¶¾»ùÒò×飬ʵÏÖÄ¿µÄ»ùÒòµÄתµ¼¡£×îºó£¬Õâ¸ö DNA ±ØÐëÕûºÏµ½ÐÂËÞÖ÷ϸ°û»ùÒò×é²ÅËãʵÏÖתµ¼£¬ÉÏÃæÓ¢ÎÄÒѾºÜÇå³þ£¬²»ÔÙ½âÊÍ¡£ ÌØ±ðҪ˵Ã÷µÄÊÇ£¬×ªµ¼Õâ¸ö¸ÅÄîÊÊÓÃÓÚԺ˺ÍÕæºËÉúÎÆäÄÚºÊÇÍêȫһÑùµÄ¡£ÔÚÔºËÉúÎÌìÈ»Çé¿öϵÄתµ¼·¢ÉúÔÚϸ¾úµÄ¼¸¸öÖÖ£¨Desulfovibrio, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Rhodobacter, Salmonella, Staphylococcus and Xanthobacter£©ÒÔ¼°¹Åϸ¾úµÄMethanothermobacter thermoautotrophicusÖС£Brock p283 ÓÖ·ÖΪÆÕ±éתµ¼£¨ generalized transduction£©Í¨¹ýÍêȫȱÏÝÊɾúÌå¶Ô¹©Ìå¾úÈκÎDNAСƬ¶ÎµÄ¡°Îó°ü¡±¶øÊµÏÖÆäÒÅ´«ÐÔ×´´«µÝÖÁÊÜÌå¾úµÄתµ¼ÏÖÏó£»¾ÖÏÞתµ¼£¨restricted transduction £©Í¨¹ý²¿·ÖȱÏݵÄκÍÊɾúÌå°Ñ¹©Ìå¾úµÄÉÙÊýÌØ¶¨»ùÒòЯ´øµ½ÊÜÌå¾úÖУ¬²¢»ñµÃ±í´ïµÄתµ¼ÏÖÏó¡£ Óëתµ¼Ïà¹ØµÄÊÇÁíÍâÒ»¸ö¸ÅÄî 5¡¢Infection ¸ÐȾ The invasion of a cell or organism by other (especially pathogenic) organisms. ˵Ã÷£ºÇ°ÃæÒѾºÜÃ÷È·£¬Í¨¹ý²¡¶¾ÊµÏÖ»ùÒò×ªÒÆ½Ð×öתµ¼£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´»¹ÒªËµ¸ÐȾÕâ¸ö¸ÅÄîÄØ£¿ÕâÀïÒ²ÊǺܶàÈ˲»ÄÜÕýÈ·Àí½âµÄµØ·½¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ÎÒÃÇ˵µÄתµ¼ÊÇÖ¸µÄÄ¿µÄ»ùÒò£¨ËÞÖ÷ DNA£©µÄ×ªÒÆ¹ý³Ì£¬ÆäÖ÷ÌåÊÇÄ¿µÄ»ùÒò£¬µ«ÊÇʵÏÖתµ¼µÄÊÖ¶ÎÊDz¡¶¾¸ÐȾ£¬ÕâÀïµÄÖ÷ÌåÊDz¡¶¾ÔØÌå¡£ËùÒÔÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÕâÑù˵£ºÍ¨¹ýÄæ×ªÂ¼²¡¶¾¸ÐȾ£¬°Ñ ADA »ùÒòתµ¼µ½ÔìѪ¸Éϸ°ûÀïÃæ¡£µ«ÊÇÎÒÃDz»ÄÜÕâÑù˵£ºÍ¨¹ýÄæ×ªÂ¼²¡¶¾×ªµ¼£¬°ÑADA»ùÒò¸ÐȾµ½ÔìѪ¸Éϸ°ûÀïÃæ¡£ ²Î¿¼×ÊÁÏ£ºhttp://www.e2002.com/bbs/read.php?tid=148740 |
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