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³¬¸ßÇ¿²ÄÁÏUltra-strength materials Ting Zhu, Ju Li Contents 1. Introduction . . . ..................................................................... 711 2. Ultra strength and elastic strain engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................... 712 3. Ultra-strength experiments . . . . . . . . . . .................................................. 715 4. General theoretical considerations . . . . .................................................. 718 4.1. Lengthscale effect . . . . . . ....................................................... 719 4.2. Timescale effect . . . . . . . . ....................................................... 719 5. Deformation mechanisms: shear and fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................... 721 5.1. Dislocation nucleation. . . ....................................................... 721 5.1.1. Athermal nucleation and influence of the stress state .......................... 721 5.1.2. Thermally activated nucleation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... 723 5.1.3. Temperature and strain-rate dependence of nucleation stress . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 724 5.2. Dislocation exhaustion . . ....................................................... 725 5.3. Sample-size effects on yield strength . . . . . . ....................................... 727 5.4. Dislocation¨Cinterface interaction . . . . . . . . . . ....................................... 729 5.5. Intragrain versus intergrain mechanisms . . . ........................................ 730 5.5.1. The strongest size . . . . . . . . . . ............................................. 731 5.5.2. Size-dependent activation volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... 733 5.6. Effects of mobile dislocation density and strain hardening . . . . . . . . .................... 734 5.7. Twinning and martensitic transformation . . . ....................................... 735 5.7.1. Deformation twinning versus slip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... 735 5.7.2. Martensitic transformation . . ............................................. 737 5.8. Fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................................... 738 5.8.1. Brittle versus ductile fracture ............................................. 738 5.8.2. Size and loading effects on nanoscale fracture . . . . . . .......................... 739 5.8.3. Grain boundary engineering . ............................................. 741 6. Diffusion-controlled deformation mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................... 742 7. Conclusions. . . . ..................................................................... 746 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................... 747 References . . . . ..................................................................... 747 |
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