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Natural Compounds in Cancer Therapy
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Natural Compounds in Cancer Therapy: Promising Nontoxic Antitumor Agents From Plants & Other Natural Sources By John Boik Publisher: OREGON MEDICAL PRESS Number Of Pages: 521 Publication Date: 2001-03 ISBN / ASIN: 0964828014 CONTENTS iii FOREWORD vii PREFACE ix 1 BACKGROUND FOR PARTS I AND II 1 Development of Cancer and Characteristics of Cancer Cells 1 Seven Strategies for Cancer Inhibition 2 Using Natural Compounds in Combination 4 Introduction to the Compounds 5 Practical Considerations on Effective Concentrations and Scaling of Doses 8 References 10 PART I: CANCER AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL 2 MUTATIONS, GENE EXPRESSION, AND PROLIFERATION 13 DNA, RNA, and Gene Expression 13 Cell Proliferation 15 Mutations During Carcinogenesis and Progression 17 How Natural Compounds and Chemotherapy Drugs Inhibit Proliferation 23 Cytosine Methylation and DNA: A Note on Cancer Prevention 25 Conclusion 26 References 27 3 RESULTS OF THERAPY AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL 29 Cell Differentiation 29 Failure to Enter the Cell Cycle 31 Apoptosis and Necrosis 31 Conclusion 33 References 34 4 GROWTH FACTORS AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 37 Proliferation and Apoptosis in Normal Cells Versus Cancer Cells 37 Growth Factors 38 Signal Transduction 39 Conclusion 47 References 47 5 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND REDOX SIGNALING 51 Introduction to Redox Reactions 51 Transcription Factors 54 Mechanisms of Redox Modulation 60 Conclusion 61 References 62 6 CELL-TO-CELL COMMUNICATION 67 Cell Adhesion Molecules 67 Gap Junctions 71 Conclusion 72 References 72 PART II: CANCER AT THE LEVEL OF THE ORGANISM 7 OVERVIEW OF ANGIOGENESIS 79 Mechanics of Angiogenesis 79 Angiogenic Factors and Angiogenesis Inhibition 80 Similarity of Angiogenesis in Wound Healing and Cancer 81 Wound Healing and Angiogenic Factors 81 Conclusion 88 References 88 8 NATURAL INHIBITORS OF ANGIOGENESIS 91 Inhibition of Angiogenic Factors 91 Additional Natural Compounds That may Inhibit Angiogenesis 97 Conclusion 98 References 98 9 INVASION 105 Connective Tissue and the Extracellular Matrix 105 The ECM and Cancer 105 Glycosidases, Proteases, and Cancer 107 Enzyme Inhibitors 107 Adhesion Proteins and Cancer Cell Migration 110 Conclusion 111 References 111 10 METASTASIS 113 Steps of Metastasis 113 Cell Detachment and Movement into a Vessel 113 Migration Through the Circulation 114 Cell Arrest at a New Location 114 Movement Out of the Vessel 116 Induction of Angiogenesis 116 Conclusion 116 References 116 11 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 119 Innate and Adaptive Immunity 119 Antigens and Antibodies 121 MHC Molecule 122 Role of Cytokines in Immunity 123 Role of Immune Cells in Cancer 123 Role of the Immune System in Cancer Prevention 124 Immune System in Cancer Treatment 125 Conclusion 128 References 128 12 NATURAL COMPOUNDS THAT AFFECT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 131 Natural Compounds That Stimulate and/or Support the Immune System 131 Clinical Studies with Chinese Herbal Formulas 135 Natural Compounds That Suppress the Immune System 137 Conclusion 139 References 140 PART III: CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 13 BACKGROUND FOR PART III 147 Synergism 147 Estimating Effective and Safe Doses 153 Available Formulations 156 Combination Design 157 Conclusion 159 References 160 14 TRACE METALS 163 Selenium 163 Iron 168 Copper 171 Conclusion 172 References 173 15 VITAMIN C AND ANTIOXIDANTS 179 Vitamin C 180 Antioxidants 188 Conclusion 196 References 196 16 POLYSACCHARIDES 203 Introduction to Polysaccharides 203 Individual Compounds 203 Estimated Therapeutic and LOAEL Doses of Polysaccharides 208 Using Combinations of Polysaccharides 209 Conclusion 209 References 210 17 LIPIDS 215 Types of Dietary Fat and Their Sources 215 Stimulation of Cancer Progression by Saturated and Omega-6 Fatty Acids 215 Inhibition of Cancer by Omega-3 Fatty Acids 218 Conclusion 224 References 224 18 AMINO ACIDS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS 231 Amino Acids 231 Garlic 236 Bromelain and Other Proteolytic Enzymes 239 Conclusion 243 References 243 19 FLAVONOIDS 251 Introduction 251 Isoflavones, Flavones, and Flavonols 252 Flavanols—EGCG and Related Green Tea Catechins 260 Anthocyanidins and Proanthocyanidins 263 Conclusion 266 References 267 20 NONFLAVONOID PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS 275 CAPE and Propolis 275 Curcumin 278 Lignans 280 Stilbenes—Resveratrol 284 Quinones 286 Conclusion 290 References 291 21 TERPENES 297 Monoterpenes 297 Triterpenoids 300 Saponins 304 Sesquiterpenes 309 Conclusion 311 References 311 22 LIPID-SOLUBLE VITAMINS 317 Vitamin A 317 Vitamin D3 322 Vitamin E 326 Melatonin 330 Conclusion 333 References 334 23 NATURAL COMPOUNDS, CHEMOTHERAPY, AND RADIOTHERAPY 343 Introduction 343 Effects of Natural Compounds on Chemotherapy 347 Effects of Natural Compounds on Radiotherapy 356 Drug Metabolism 358 Conclusion 359 References 359 APPENDIX A: CHEMICAL DATA ON NATURAL COMPOUNDS 369 APPENDIX B: PHARMACOKINETICS, PHARMACODYNAMICS, AND DOSE SCALING 377 Pharmacokinetic Models 377 Linking Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Models 379 Scaling Between Species 381 References 383 APPENDIX C: SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL FOR CHAPTER 2 385 APPENDIX D: SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL FOR CHAPTER 3 391 APPENDIX E: SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL FOR CHAPTER 4 401 APPENDIX F: SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL FOR CHAPTER 8 409 APPENDIX G: SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL FOR CHAPTER 9 417 APPENDIX H: SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL FOR CHAPTER 12 425 APPENDIX I: PREDICTIVE MODELS 431 Free Oral Clearance (FOC) Model 431 Total Oral Clearance (TOC) Model 433 TOPKAT Model 435 Oral-Intraperitoneal (ORIN) Model 437 References 442 APPENDIX J: DOSE CALCULATIONS 445 Estimating Doses Based on Pharmacokinetic and In-vitro Data 445 Modifications to the Estimated Required Dose 447 LOAEL Dose Calculation Methods 447 Dose-Dependent Bioavailability 448 Therapeutic and LOAEL Dose Estimates for Natural Compounds 449 References 484 APPENDIX K: SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL FOR CHAPTER 19 493 APPENDIX L: SOFTWARE AND SERVICES 497 APPENDIX M: NATURAL COMPOUNDS RESEARCH FUND 499 ACRONYMS 501 INDEX 503 http://www.91files.com/?JAR7RHE1IKIPFIZFHNQ7 |
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