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英译汉 化学方面
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The continued use of large quantities of organic solvents as liquid media for chemical reaction, extraction, and formulation is a major concern in today’s chemical processing industry. The perceived deleterious effects of these materials on human health, safety, and the environment combined with their volatility and flammability has lead to increasing pressure for minimizing their use both from a public relations and a cost perspective. Concepts, such as Environmental Stewardship,have placed a renewed emphasis on careful solvent selection and a search for less harmful alternatives. In the past, the emphasis in industrial chemistry was placed on product yield and quality. Increasingly, solvent use during manufacture is viewed in terms of avoiding the costs associated with disposal,legal liabilities, and regulatory constraints. Recent regulatory controls have aggressively targeted the reduction of the volume of industrial pollutants, a major component of which comprise spent solvents unsuitable for recycling. Approaches to reduce the reliance on traditional solvents will be of tremendous importance in cleaning up industrial problems. Currently, treatment of solvent-laden wastes is a cost borne by industry, human health, and the environment. Although alternative approaches such as heterogeneous catalysis and aqueous reaction media exist, they may not represent generic solutions to these problems. The ideal opportunity for waste reduction occurs before any reagents are mixed, during process design. In this approach, basic chemistry must play an important role in formulating alternative manufacturing processes with minimized hazards and decreased waste generation. This shift in the manufacturing paradigm is the basis of ‘Green Chemistry’, rather than pollute and remediate. Green Chemistry also proposes optimized synthetic methodologies for high product yields and the generation of substances that offer little harm to the environment. In view of the heavy reliance on organic solvents in current manufacturing processes, the development of new technologies for pollution prevention can assist in the reduction of VOC usage and the associated volatility, environmental, and human health concerns that accompany exposure to organic solvents. Ionic liquids (ILs) are non-volatile, non-flammable and thermally stable solvents and as such as very promising replacements for the traditional volatile organic solvents. Their quite rapid emergence as alternative solvents has involved a rapidly growing number of examples of application but the understanding and study of their physical properties has lagged behind. It is very important that we accumulate a substantial body of physical data for these fascinating substances so that their true potential as solvents can be realised. Here the effects of the alkyl chain length of the cation and the identity of the anion on the key properties of hygroscopicity, density, viscosity, surface tension, melting point and thermal stability are studied. The anion identity is shown to be of foremost importance. [ Last edited by 大比目鱼 on 2013-6-24 at 05:52 ] |
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大比目鱼(phu_grassman代发): 金币+10, thanks 2013-08-24 08:32:43
大比目鱼(phu_grassman代发): 金币+10, thanks 2013-08-24 08:32:43
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近期的管理控制在瞄准减少产生工业废物方面下了很大功夫，其中一个主要的方面就包括在循环中的不 适当的废溶剂。能够减少对传统溶剂依赖的方法，在清理工业问题中能够发挥极大重要性。目前，溶剂 负载废物的处理工作，是工业、人类健康和环境的一个成本负担。尽管可替代方法，例如多相催化和溶 液反应媒介存在，但是它们不能代表对这些问题进行处理的一般方法。 在过程设计中，减少废物最理想的机会应该在溶剂被混合之前。在此途径中，基本化学必须能够在形成 可替代生产过程中发挥重要作用，这个生产过程需具有最小的危害物和减小的废物产生。这样，这个生 产模式总的转变就是绿色化学的基本，而不是污染的和需要治理的。绿色化学同样提出对高产率选择优 化的合成方法，并且产生的物质对环境无害。从当今生产过程中对有机溶剂的严重依赖角度看，为阻止 污染，新技术的发展可以帮助减少有机挥发物（VOA）的使用，以及伴随着暴露在有机溶剂中相关的挥 发性、环境和人类健康问题。 例子溶液（ILs）是非挥发，不易燃而且热稳定性的溶剂，同时又是作为对传统挥发有机溶剂的很有前 景的很好的替代品。作为替代溶剂，他们的迅速出现在许多不断增长的应用例子中，但是对他们屋里特 性的理解和研究还相对欠缺。所以，积累大量实质性的物理数据，对于这些极好的物质实现它们溶剂的 潜力是非常重要的。这里，我们研究了阳离子烷基链长度和阴离子的种类，对吸水性、密度、粘度、表面张力、融化点和热稳定性等主要特性所产生的效应。阴离子种类显示出具有最重要的作用。 是一个abstract |
2楼2013-06-24 11:45:13
4楼2013-07-05 15:35:50