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英译汉 化学方面
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The continued use of large quantities of organic solvents as liquid media for chemical reaction, extraction, and formulation is a major concern in today’s chemical processing industry. The perceived deleterious effects of these materials on human health, safety, and the environment combined with their volatility and flammability has lead to increasing pressure for minimizing their use both from a public relations and a cost perspective. Concepts, such as Environmental Stewardship,have placed a renewed emphasis on careful solvent selection and a search for less harmful alternatives. In the past, the emphasis in industrial chemistry was placed on product yield and quality. Increasingly, solvent use during manufacture is viewed in terms of avoiding the costs associated with disposal,legal liabilities, and regulatory constraints. Recent regulatory controls have aggressively targeted the reduction of the volume of industrial pollutants, a major component of which comprise spent solvents unsuitable for recycling. Approaches to reduce the reliance on traditional solvents will be of tremendous importance in cleaning up industrial problems. Currently, treatment of solvent-laden wastes is a cost borne by industry, human health, and the environment. Although alternative approaches such as heterogeneous catalysis and aqueous reaction media exist, they may not represent generic solutions to these problems. The ideal opportunity for waste reduction occurs before any reagents are mixed, during process design. In this approach, basic chemistry must play an important role in formulating alternative manufacturing processes with minimized hazards and decreased waste generation. This shift in the manufacturing paradigm is the basis of ‘Green Chemistry’, rather than pollute and remediate. Green Chemistry also proposes optimized synthetic methodologies for high product yields and the generation of substances that offer little harm to the environment. In view of the heavy reliance on organic solvents in current manufacturing processes, the development of new technologies for pollution prevention can assist in the reduction of VOC usage and the associated volatility, environmental, and human health concerns that accompany exposure to organic solvents. Ionic liquids (ILs) are non-volatile, non-flammable and thermally stable solvents and as such as very promising replacements for the traditional volatile organic solvents. Their quite rapid emergence as alternative solvents has involved a rapidly growing number of examples of application but the understanding and study of their physical properties has lagged behind. It is very important that we accumulate a substantial body of physical data for these fascinating substances so that their true potential as solvents can be realised. Here the effects of the alkyl chain length of the cation and the identity of the anion on the key properties of hygroscopicity, density, viscosity, surface tension, melting point and thermal stability are studied. The anion identity is shown to be of foremost importance. [ Last edited by 大比目鱼 on 2013-6-24 at 05:52 ] |
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板凳匪徒
至尊木虫 (职业作家)
江北篮球学院MVP
- 翻译EPI: 63
- 应助: 31 (小学生)
- 金币: 11572.8
- 散金: 770
- 红花: 84
- 帖子: 3524
- 在线: 935.9小时
- 虫号: 1035135
- 注册: 2010-06-03
- 性别: GG
- 专业: 有机分子功能材料化学
【答案】应助回帖
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大比目鱼(phu_grassman代发): 金币+20, 翻译EPI+1, good job. 2013-08-24 08:32:04
大比目鱼(phu_grassman代发): 金币+20, 翻译EPI+1, good job. 2013-08-24 08:32:04
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用于化学反应、提取、列公式的液体介质的大量有机溶剂的持续使用是当今化学过程工业主要考虑的方面。感知到关于人类健康、安全、环境并结合它们的挥发性和可燃性，这些物质的有毒有害影响已经导致它们受到的公共关系最小化和消费前景使用最小化的压力增加。例如环境管理工作的观念已经确定了对谨慎选择溶剂的重新强调和更少有害性选择的研究。在过去，工业化学强调产品的产量和质量。制造期间的溶剂使用在关于处理、法律、责任、规则限制方面避免花费的关注增加了。 最近的规则控制已经积极地瞄准减少工业污染量，包括主要组成部分的溶剂的不适当回收。减少对传统溶剂的依赖的途径会在清理工业问题时有极大的重要性。目前，溶剂负载废弃物的处理对工业、人类健康和环境是一个需要花费的负荷。虽然有例如多相催化、水反应介质存在的可选方法，它们也许不能代表这些问题的通用解决方法。 减少废弃物的理想机会发生在一些试剂混合前以及过程设计时。通过这个方法，基础化学必然在公式化选择制造过程的危险最小化与减少废弃物产生中扮演重要角色。在制造范例中的这种转变是“绿色化学”的基础，而不是污染和补救。绿色化学也建议提高产量和采用对环境有少量危害的物质产生的最佳化合方法。由目前制造过程中大量依赖有机溶剂看来，防止污染的新方法的发展可以用于减少挥发性有机化合物使用量以及伴随在有机溶剂中暴露的挥发性、环境、人类健康。 离子液体是无挥发性、无可燃性且热稳定的溶剂，同时也能作为非常有前景的传统非挥发性有机溶剂的取代物。它们作为替代溶剂十分快速的出现，已经涉及了大量快速增长的申请案例，但是对它们物理性质的理解和研究却已经滞后了。我们收集了这些吸引人的物质的大量物理数据，这是非常重要的，因此它们作为溶剂的真正潜力能够得以实现。已经研究了烷基阳离子的烷基链长度的影响和关于吸水性、密度、粘度、表面张力、熔点、热稳定性（这些）关键性质的阴离子特性。 |
5楼2013-08-24 06:00:48