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[×ÊÔ´] Membrane Filtration Handbook

Membrane Filtration Handbook


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This is the second edition of the Membrane Filtration Handbook. In an effort
to improve the Handbook, it has been enlarged to include the description of
pretreatment, automatic controls and pumps.
This Handbook is the product of many years of experience in the field of
membrane filtration, and it is intended to be a mixed bag of information. The
Handbook¡¯s goal is to provide information about many common problems
and help answer questions that newcomers to membrane filtration often
face. The book also provides information helpful to the engineer who designs
and builds membrane equipment or works with existing plants. Students
may also find the Handbook helpful in understanding basic membrane plant
design and operation.



Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Definitions and Buzzwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
The Four Membrane Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Products and Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Membranes - Materials, Structure, Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Membrane Manufacturers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Membrane Module/Element Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Comparing Membrane Modules and Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Limitations of Membranes and Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
System Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Pump Types and Pump Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
The Seal Between the Product and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Christmas Tree or Multi-stage Plant Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Plant Functions (Start, Stop, Flush) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Pretreatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Pretreatment Methods and Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Water Supply and Drain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Chemicals for Cleaning. Problematic Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Cleaning Agent Suppliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Pasteurization, Disinfection, Sterilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Measuring Devices, Flow, Pressure, TDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
PLC, PC and Main Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
How to Control Membrane Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Common Control Loops in Membrane Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
How to Avoid TS Surges on Startup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Electrically and Pneumatically Operated Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Control of Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Optimizing Parameters and Plant Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Do Not ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Price, Systems and Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Designing a System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120



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