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The chemical composition of the W18O49 nanocrystal
synthesized using propanol was examined by X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS). The full range of XPS spectra of
the W18O49 nanocrystal is shown in Figure 4a. Peaks at binding
energies corresponding to oxygen and tungsten are clearly
observed, and no impurities other than carbon were observed
in the spectra. For tungsten, a complex energy distribution of
W 4f photoelectrons was obtained, as shown in Figure 4b. The
W 4f core-level spectrum could be fitted into three doublets,
associated with three different oxidation states of W atoms. The
main peaks, having W 4f5/2 at 37.8 eV and W 4f7/2 at 35.7 eV,
are attributable to the W atoms being in a 6+ oxidation state.
The second doublet, with a lower binding energy at 34.6 and
36.7 eV, resulted from emission of W 4f5/2 and W 4f7/2 core
levels from the atoms in an oxidation state of 5+. Furthermore,
the third doublet, observed at 33.7 and 335.8 eV, corresponded
to the W4+ oxidation state. These three oxidation states are the
typical oxidation states found in W18O49 nanomaterials, as
reported previously.27,28 The photoelectrons from O 1s display
a relatively wide and asymmetric peak, with the highest point at
530.5 eV, which could be assigned to the oxygen bond with
W atoms in W18O49 (Figure 4c). The other peak at a higher
photoelectron energy of 532.3 eV may be attributed to the
residual water and/or C−O bond originating from the residual
adsorbed molecules.

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