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求翻译达人....帮忙翻一下两段英文文献，谢绝用翻译软件乱译...谢谢
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Carvacrol (98% pure) and curcumin (80% pure) were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich. Extract of betaine was 96% pure (BetainTM 96, Trouw Nutrition, Putten, The Netherlands) and EP was a standardized extract (E. purpurea, 4:1, Natuur Apotheek, Pijnacker, The Netherlands).The maximum concentration of the phytochemicals tolerable to MDBK cells was determined by exposing cell monolayers to various concentrations of the compounds in cell culture medium without FCS for 20 h (37 ◦C, 5% CO2) and determining the percentage of viable cells with the Trypan blue cell viability assay (Freshney, 2010). The highest concentration of each compound which allowed at least 97% MDBK viability was used in the E. tenella invasion assays as follows: 0.5g/ml betaine, 20.0g/ml carvacrol, 0.2g/ml curcumin, and 2.0g/ml EP. These concentrations were well below the EC50 for the phytochemicals (40, 80, 35 and 60g/ml respectively) estimated by plotting dose–response curves. MDBK cells were routinely maintained in media as described by Schubert et al. (2005) and were tested for contamination by plating onto blood agar plates and for Mycoplasma spp. using a kit (PlasmoTest,InvivoGen, San Diego, CA, USA). For invasion assays, cells were seeded (3×104 cells/well) onto glass cover slips in 12 wells plates and incubated to 70–80% confluency in four days and the medium was replaced with DMEM containing the phytochemicals. Salinomycin (Fluka) 50g/ml was used as positive control (maximum inhibition); negative controls were wells containing DMEM with no additions (maximum invasion). Sporulated oocysts of E. tenella (Houghton strain) were supplied by Animal Health Services,Deventer, The Netherlands, prepared as described by Vervelde et al. (1998) and resuspended in HBSS pH8.0 for immediate use. Sporozoites (2×105) were added to each well and cells were incubated at 37 ◦C in 5% CO2.The sporozoite suspension was then discarded, cells were washed three times using DPBS, fixed and stained with hematoxylin–eosin (HE, Sigma) according to Augustine et al. (1997). Photographs were made with an Olympus DP25 camera of 10 evenly spaced fields per well using a Zeiss Axioskop light microscope (400×). Invasion was quantified by counting the number of cells and the number of cells invaded by sporozoites summed over 10 evenly spaced fields per well. In the first experiment, cells were exposed (in duplicate) to sporozoites for periods of 2 h, 4 h and 20 h to investigate the period of time required for E. tenella invasion under these conditions. Combinations of the most effective inhibitors of E. tenella invasion, (carvacrol + EP and carvacrol + EP + curcumin) were tested in a second experiment that was carried out three times in duplicate using a 2 h exposure period. For the statistical analysis a linear mixed-effects model (Bates and Maechler, 2010) for clustered data was used with the number of invaded cells of the total cells as the binomial outcome. Experiment number was added as random effect to account for the correlated observations within experiment. In the first experiment explanatory factors were compound and time and the interaction between both. In the second experiment explanatory factor was (combination of) compound. The Aikaike’s information criterion (AIC) was used for model selection. Software used for the analysis was program R version 2.11.1 (R Development Core Team, 2010). |
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sltmac: 金币-5, 机器翻译 2013-04-30 09:20:27
sltmac: 金币-5, 机器翻译 2013-04-30 09:20:27
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2楼2013-04-29 20:42:43
3楼2013-04-30 13:24:38
南京工大
木虫 (小有名气)
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健康小强: 金币+40, 翻译EPI+1, ★★★★★最佳答案, 谢谢楼主的帮忙，不胜感激，我再修改一下关键词，估计就差不多了，嘿嘿谢谢你 2013-05-03 17:56:44
健康小强: 金币+40, 翻译EPI+1, ★★★★★最佳答案, 谢谢楼主的帮忙，不胜感激，我再修改一下关键词，估计就差不多了，嘿嘿谢谢你 2013-05-03 17:56:44
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香芹酚（纯度98%）和姜黄色素（纯度80%）均为从Sigma-Aldrich购买得到。甜菜碱提取物纯度为96%（…公司），松果提取物为标准化提取物（…规格，…公司）。MDBK细胞对这些植物化学物质的最大容许浓度通过以下方法确定：在细胞培养介质中不加胎牛血清的条件下，暴露单细胞层于多种浓度的化合物中，在37°C，5% CO2的条件下培养20 h，并通过台盼蓝细胞生存能力测试（Freshney，2010）测定培养后剩余的活细胞的比例。能够满足至少97%的MDBK细胞存活性，并使用在柔嫩艾美尔球虫侵入测试中最高浓度的如下所示：甜菜碱0.5 g/ml，香芹酚20.0 g/ml，姜黄色素0.2 g/ml，松果提取物2.0 g/ml。通过剂量-响应曲线分析得到，上述浓度值低于这些植物化学物质的半数有效浓度（EC50）（四者的EC50分别为40,80,35,60 g/ml）。MDBK细胞使用常规的方法保存在介质中（Schubert等，2005），并在琼脂平板上铺展进行了污染性能测试，以及使用工具包（…）对支原体属进行了测试。 为了进行侵入测试，细胞接种（3x104 细胞/孔洞）到有12个孔洞的玻璃盖玻片上，进行培养，在四天内达到70-80%的细胞覆盖率。接着，将介质换为含有植物化学物质的细胞培养基。混入50g/ml沙利霉素（Fluka）作为正向控制（最大抑制）；在孔道内注入不加任何添加成分的细胞培养基作为反向控制（最大侵入）。柔嫩艾美尔球虫H株孢子化的卵囊是由…提供的，其制备方法同Vervelde等（1998）所描述的方法，并且再悬浮于pH=8的平衡盐溶液中用于直接使用。孢子体（2x105）添加到每一个孔道中，在37°C，5% CO2浓度的条件下进行细胞培养。培养后去掉孢子悬浮液，使用磷酸盐缓冲液洗涤细胞三次，按照Augustine等（1997）的方法使用伊红染剂（HE，Sigma）对细胞固定和染色。使用使用Zeiss Axioskop 光学显微镜（400x）和Olympus DP25照相机拍摄了每个孔道中10个均匀分布的场。通过计数每个孔道中10个均匀分布的场中细胞的总数和被孢子入侵的细胞的总数来定量的分析侵入。 在第一个实验中，细胞分别暴露在孢子中2 h、4 h和20 h来研究柔嫩艾美尔球虫细胞在这些条件下入侵所需的时间，同一实验条件进行两次以保证准确性。在第二个实验中，对柔嫩艾美尔球虫入侵的最有效的抑制剂的组合（香芹酚+松果提取物，香芹酚+松果提取物+姜黄色素）进行了测试，在2 h的暴露时间条件下进行了三次重复实验。为了进行统计分析，我们使用了Bates和Maechler针对集群数据建立的线性的混合效应模型（2010）。通过使用这种统计方法，将被入侵细胞与细胞总数的比值作为二项式的结果。我们增加了实验数量作为一个影响因素，以解释随机效应对实验中相关的现象的影响。在第一个实验中，解释因素是化合物以及时间还有两者之间的相互作用。在第二个实验中，解释因素是化合物的共同作用。我们使用了模型拟合优度检验（AIC）进行模型选择。分析使用的软件是R程序，版本为2.11.1版（…）。 |
4楼2013-05-03 17:13:26
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