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[资源] Probe Design and Chemical Sensing

Contents
1. Emerging Biomedical Applications of Time-Resolved Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
Joseph R. Lakowicz
1.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2. Schemes for Fluorescence Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.5. Conclusion: The Need for Development of New Fluorescence Probes 17
2. Principles of Fluorescent Probe Design for Ion Recognition
Bernard Valeur
2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2. Fluorescent Signaling Receptors of Cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3. Fluorescent Signaling Receptors of Anions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.4. Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3. Fluorescent Chemosensors for Cations, Anions, and Neutral Analytes
Anthony W. Czarnik
3.1. Chelation-Enhanced Fluorescence in 9,10-Bis(TMEDA)anthracene 51
3.2. Chelation-Enhanced Fluorescence of Anthlylazamacrocycle
Chemosensors in Aqueous Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3. Chelatoselective Fluorescence Perturbation in an
Anthlylazamacrocycle CHEF Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.4. Chelation-Enhanced Fluorescence Detection of Nonmetal Ions . . . . 59
3.5. An Assay for Enzyme-Catalyzed Polyanion Hydrolysis Based
on Template-Directed Excimer Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.6. Fluorescence Chemosensing of Carbohydrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.7. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4. Design and Applications of Highly Luminescent Transition Metal
Complexes
J. N. Demas and B. A. DeGraff
4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.2. States of Inorganic Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.3. Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.4. Temperature Effects on Inorganic Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.5. Design Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.6. Sensor Design and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.7. Microheterogenous Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.8. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5. Fluorescence Probes Based on Twisted Intramolecular Charge
Transfer (TICT) States and Other Adiabatic Photoreactions
W. Rettig and René Lapouyade
5.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.2. Adiabatic Photochemical Reaction Mechanisms or How to
Produce Large Stokes Shifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.3. Examples of Polarity Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.4. Examples of Free Volume Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.5. How to Construct Proton- and Ion-Sensitive Analytical Probes:
Principles and General Scheme of Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.6. pH Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.7. Ion Complexing Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.8. Basic Ideas for Future Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6. Red and Near-Infrared Fluorometry
Richard B. Thompson
6.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.2. Background and Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.3. Excitation Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.4. Detectors and Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
6.5. Infrared Fluorophores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
6.6. Scattering, Absorbance, and Interfering Fluorescence . . . . . . . . . 175
6.7. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
7. Near-Infrared Fluorescence Probes
Guillermo A. Casay, Dana B. Shealy, and Gabor Patonay
7.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7.2. NIR Optical Probe Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
7.2.1. Light Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
7.3. Optical Fiber Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
7.4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
8. Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Turbid Media and Tissues
Dieter Oelkrug
8.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
8.2. Basic Photometric Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
8.3. Experimental Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
8.4. Model Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
8.5. Determination of Scattering and Absorption Coefficients . . . . . 243
8.6. Quantitative Fluorescence Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
9. Real-Time Chemical Sensing EmployingLuminescenceTechniques
J. Ricardo Alcala
9.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
9.2. Basic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
9.3. Continuous Wave Luminescence Sensing . . . . . . . . 263
9.4. Time-Resolved Luminescence Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
9.5. Real-Time Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
9.6. Example: An Oxygen Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
9.7. Example: A Temperature Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
9.8. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
10. Lifetime-Based Sensing
Henryk Szmacinski and Joseph R. Lakowicz
10.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
10.2. Requirements of a Fluorescent Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
10.3. Molecular Mechanisms for Fluorescence Lifetime-Based Sensing 301
10.4. Measurement of Fluorescence Lifetimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
10.5. Sensing Based on Probe–Analyte Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
10.6. Sensing Based on Collisional Quenching of Fluorescence . . . . . . 317
10.7. Sensing Based on Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
10.8. Summary and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
11. Fiber Optic Fluorescence Thermometry
K. T. V. Grattan and Z. Y. Zhang
11.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
11.2. Fluorescence-Based Fiber Optic Thermometry . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
11.3. Solid-State Materials for Fluorescence Thermometry . . . . . . . . 351
11.4. Discussion and Cross-Comparison of Experimental Devices . . . . . 370
12. Instrumentation for Red/Near-Infrared Fluorescence
David J. S. Birch and Graham Hungerford
12.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
12.2. Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
12.3. Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
12.4. Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
12.5. Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
13. Application of Fluorescence Sensing to Bioreactors
Govind Rao, Shabbir B. Bambot, Simon C. W. Kwong,
Henryk Szmacinski, Jeffrey Sipior, Raja Holavanahali, and Gary Carter
13.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
13.2. Dissolved Oxygen Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
13.3. pH Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
13.4. pCO2 Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
13.5. Glucose Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
13.6. Off-Gas Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
13.7. Biomass Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
13.8. Culture Fluorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
13.9. Other Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
13.10. The Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
14. Principles of Fluorescence Immunoassay
Alvydas J. Ozinskas
14.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
14.2. Fluorescence Immunoassay Reagents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
14.3. Fluorescence Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
14.4. Immunoassays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
14.5. Fluorescence Immunoassay Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
14.6. Discussion and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

[ Last edited by shenyudong on 2007-9-22 at 10:13 ]

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