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分享《Chiral Pollutants》John Wiley & Sons
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Chiral Pollutants: Distribution, Toxicity and Analysis by Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis. Imran Ali and Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 0-470-86780-9 下载链接 http://www.91files.com/?ZG6N93PUT3Y3D8RTOTZ1 =========== 附上目录 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Importance of the Environment 1 1.2 Environmental Pollutants 2 1.3 Chirality and its Occurrence 3 1.4 The Chemical Evolution of Chirality 4 1.5 The Electronic Theory of Chirality 6 1.6 The Importance of Chirality 7 1.7 Nomenclature for Chiral Pollutants 8 1.8 Chirality in Environmental Pollutants 10 1.9 Chirality and its Consequences in the Environment 12 1.10 The Enantiomeric Ratio and Fractions of Chiral Pollutants 13 1.11 Methods for the Separation of Chiral Pollutants 15 1.11.1 Chromatographic Methods 16 1.11.2 The Capillary Electrophoretic Method 21 viii Contents 1.12 Chiral Selectors in Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis 23 1.13 Detection in Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis 27 1.14 Other Methods of Separation of Chiral Pollutants 28 References 30 2 Chiral Pollutants: Sources and Distribution 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Sources of Contamination 39 2.3 The Distribution of Chiral Pollutants 44 2.3.1 Distribution in Water 44 2.3.2 Distribution in Sediment 49 2.3.3 Distribution in Soil 50 2.3.4 Distribution in Air 53 2.3.5 Distribution in Aquatic and Amphibian Biota 55 2.3.6 Distribution in Terrestrial Biota 60 2.3.7 Distribution in Food Products 67 2.4 Conclusions 67 References 68 3 Chiral Pollutants: Biotransformation, Biodegradation and Metabolism 75 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 The Mechanisms of the Interactions of Chiral Xenobiotics in Biological Systems 77 3.3 The Fate of Chiral Pollutants in the Ecosystem 81 3.3.1 Biotransformation 81 3.4 Photochemical Conversion 95 3.5 Metabolism 96 3.6 Conclusions 102 References 103 4 The Enantioselective Toxicities of Chiral Pollutants 109 4.1 Introduction 109 4.2 The Enantioselective Toxicities of PCBs 110 4.3 The Enantioselective Toxicities of HCH 116 Contents ix 4.4 The Enantioselective Toxicities of Other Chlorinated Pesticides 117 4.5 The Enantioselective Toxicities of Phosphorous Pesticides 121 4.6 The Enantioselective Toxicities of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 121 4.7 The Enantioselective Toxicities of Other Xenobiotics 134 4.8 The Enantioselective Toxicities of Drugs and Pharmaceuticals 136 4.9 Conclusions 139 References 140 5 Sample Preparation 145 5.1 Introduction 145 5.2 Sampling 147 5.3 Filtration 148 5.4 Homogenization 149 5.5 Extraction 150 5.5.1 The Extraction of Solid Samples 150 5.5.2 The Extraction of Liquid Samples 161 5.6 Membrane Methods in Sample Preparation 172 5.7 Clean-up 173 5.8 Pre-concentration 174 5.9 Conclusions 176 References 176 6 The Analysis of Chiral Pollutants by Gas Chromatography 185 6.1 Introduction 185 6.2 Chiral Selectors 186 6.2.1 Structures and Properties 187 6.2.2 Preparation and Commercialization 189 6.2.3 Other Chiral GC CSPs 190 6.3 Applications 195 6.4 The Optimization of GC Conditions 206 6.4.1 Mobile Phases 207 6.4.2 Temperature 208 6.4.3 The Column Dimensions 211 6.4.4 Structures and Types of Chiral Selectors 212 6.4.5 The Structures of Chiral Pollutants 215 x Contents 6.4.6 Detection 215 6.4.7 Other Parameters 216 6.5 The Reverse Elution Order 217 6.6 Errors and Problems in Enantioresolution 218 6.7 The Derivatization of Chiral Environmental Pollutants 219 6.8 Mechanisms of Chiral Resolution 219 6.9 Conclusions 221 References 222 7 The Analysis of Chiral Pollutants by High Performance Liquid Chromatography 229 7.1 Introduction 229 7.2 Chiral Selectors 230 7.3 Applications 233 7.4 The Optimization of HPLC Conditions 238 7.4.1 Polysaccharide CSPs 239 7.4.2 Cyclodextrin CSPs 245 7.4.3 Macrocyclic Glycopeptide Antibiotic CSPs 249 7.4.4 Protein CSPs 253 7.4.5 Chiral Crown Ether CSPs 258 7.4.6 Ligand Exchange CSPs 260 7.4.7 Pirkle-type CSPs 262 7.5 Detection 265 7.6 Chiral Recognition Mechanisms 265 7.7 Conclusions 266 References 268 8 The Analysis of Chiral Pollutants byMicellar Electrokinetic, Capillary Electrochromatographic, Supercritical Fluid and Thin Layer Chromatographic Techniques 273 8.1 Introduction 273 8.2 Chiral Selectors 274 8.3 Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography (MEKC) 274 8.4 Capillary Electrochromatography (CEC) 281 8.5 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) 284 8.6 Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) 287 8.7 LC versus GC 289 8.8 Conclusions 289 References 290 Contents xi 9 The Analysis of Chiral Environmental Pollutants by Capillary Electrophoresis 295 9.1 Introduction 295 9.2 Chiral Selectors 296 9.3 Applications 297 9.4 The Optimization of CE Conditions 302 9.4.1 The Composition of the Background Electrolyte 304 9.4.2 The pH of the Background Electrolyte 305 9.4.3 The Ionic Strength of the Background Electrolyte 306 9.4.4 Structures and Types of Chiral Selectors 308 9.4.5 The Applied Voltage 308 9.4.6 Temperature 310 9.4.7 The Structures of Chiral Pollutants 311 9.4.8 Organic Modifiers 312 9.4.9 Other Parameters 312 9.4.10 Optimization by Dependent Variables 315 9.5 Detection 315 9.6 Validation of Methods 317 9.7 Mechanisms of Chiral Resolution 318 9.8 CE versus HPLC 319 9.9 Conclusions 320 References 321 10 Perspectives on the Analysis of Chiral Pollutants 325 10.1 Introduction 325 10.2 Regulations on Chirality in the USA 326 10.3 Regulations on Chirality in Europe 327 10.4 Regulations on Chirality in Japan 328 10.5 Regulations on Chirality in Other Countries 328 10.6 The Capabilities of Chiral Analysis Technologies 329 10.7 The Large-scale Production of Pure Enantiomers 329 10.8 The Impact of Chirality on Economic Growth 330 10.9 Conclusions 331 References 332 Index 335 [ Last edited by chubl on 2007-9-21 at 17:01 ] |
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