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Light-Associated Reactions of Synthetic Polymers
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Light-Associated Reactions of Synthetic Polymers http://www.91files.com/?W7OCGCXOIWLAHL0QD4IE Preface This book deals only with technologically useful light-associated reactions of polymeric materials. It does not discuss, therefore, all light associated reactions of synthetic polymers. Thus, for instance, photo degradations of polymers in the environment are not included. That is a separate, very important subject presented in books dedicated to polymer degradations. field of polymer chemistry that I personally believe is very interesting. One need merely look at such examples as hardening of properly formulated enamels or varnishes by exposure to light of certain wave lengths. In many instances this is achieved in a fraction of a second. By comparison, hardening of enamels or varnishes by oven baking requires anywhere from ten minutes to a half an hour or even longer at elevated temperatures. Other examples include the possibility of aligning liquid crystals on flat panel displays by exposure to light of proper wave length in place of physical rubbing to force them into alignment. Interesting examples also include polymers that are capable of trapping the light energy of the sun or conducting electricity when exposed to light. Not all the light-associated reactions presented in this book have achieved commercialization. On the other hand, it appears that all those presented here have an industrial potential. Prior to writing this book, I examined many more publications than are listed in the references. I chose only those that illustrate each subject best. This does not mean, however, that the publications that were not included are inferior in any way to those presented here. This book consists of six chapters. The first chapter is a brief introduction to photo chemistry and physics of polymers for those not familiar with the subject. The information is given to help the reader follow the discussions in the subsequent chapters. It is not, however, a thorough discussion of the subject and the interested reader is urged to read the original sources. Chapter two is dedicated to the subject of photosensitizers and photoinitiators. They are mentioned in the discussions in the remaining four chapters. It was felt, therefore, that they belong in a separate chapter, by themselves. Chapter three discusses the chemistry of light curing of coatings and inks. Chapter four is dedicated to photocrosslinking of polymeric materials. Chapter five presents light responsive polymeric materials and some of their uses. It includes many diverse subjects. Chapter six discusses work done to develop polymeric materials for use in nonlinear optics. This book is dedicated to all the scientists who do their research in this fascinating field. ix Photoassociated reactions of polymers for various practical applications are in a Contents 1. Introduction 1.2. The Energy of Radiation.......................................................................... 2 1.3. Reaction of Light with Organic Molecules............................................. 3 1.6. The Charge Transfer Processes in Polymeric Materials.........................17 1.7. The Antenna Effect in Polymers............................................................ 21 2. Photosensitizers and Photoinitiators 2.1. Photosensitizers...................................................................................... 23 2.2. Photoinitiators........................................................................................ 26 2.2.1. Free-Radical Photoinitiators.........................................................27 2.2.1.1. Aromatic Ketone Photoinitiators.....................................28 2.2.1.2. Initiators Based on Maleimide and Similar Compounds.................................................. 43 2.2.1.5. Photoinitiators Designed for Water Borne Systems........69 2.2.1.6. Oligomeric and Polymeric Photoinitiators......................71 2.2.1.7. Photoinitiators Designed for Use with Visible Light......77 2.2.1.8. Miscellaneous Free-Radical Photoinitiators....................86 2.2.2.1. Anionic Photoinitiators.....................................................87 2.2.2.2. Cationic Photoinitiators....................................................89 2.2.2.2.1. Diazonium Salts............................................... 89 2.2.2.2.2. Onium Salts...................................................... 90 2.2.2.2.3. Organometallic Cationic Photoinitiators.........106 2.2.3. Photoinitiators Capable of Initiating Simultaneously Cationic 3.2.1.2. Oligomers and Prepolymers....................................132 v 1.4. Energy Transfer Process ........................................................................12 1.1. The Nature of Light .................................................................................1 and Free-Radical Polymerizations ............................................... 109 3. Chemistry of Photocurable Compositions 3.1. Basic Background of Photocurable Materials......................................123 3.2 Compositions that Cure By Free-Radical Mechanism ...................124 Polymerization .....................................................................125 3.2.1.3. The Mechanism of Free-Radical 3.2.1. Photocuring by Free-Radical Chain Growth 3.2.1.3.b. The Propagation Reaction .......................147 Photopolymerization ............................................... 142 2.2.2. Photoinitiators for Ionic Polymerization.......................................87 3.2.1.3.a. The Initiation Reaction............................ 142 3.2.1.1. Monomers used in Photocuring ..............................125 1.5. Electron Transfer Process.......................................................................16 2.2.1.3. Two-Component Photoinitiators..................................... 47 2.2.4. Photoinitiators for Two-Photon-Induced Polymerizations..........110 2.2.1.4. Multicomponent Photoinitiating S ystems........................63 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... [ Last edited by polymersun on 2007-9-18 at 18:24 ] |
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