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[×ÊÔ´] Chemical Sensors(springer)(ÒÑÉÏ´«!)

Chemical Sensors
An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers


[size=5]http://www.91files.com/?GC7053U2QWY4LQ6P27O0

Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 SensorsandSensorScience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Sensors¨CEyesandEarsofMachines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 TheTerm¡®Sensor¡¯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 ChemicalSensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 Characteristics of a Chemical Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 ElementsofChemicalSensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.3 Characterisation of Chemical Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 SensorPhysics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.1 Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.2 OpticalPhenomenaandSpectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1.3 PiezoelectricityandPyroelectricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2 SensorChemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.2.1 ChemicalEquilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.2.2 KineticsandCatalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.2.3 ElectrolyticSolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.2.4 Acids and Bases, Deposition Processes
andComplexCompounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.2.5 RedoxEquilibria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.2.6 Electrochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.2.7 Ion Exchange, Solvent Extraction and Adsorption Equilibria . 72
2.2.8 SpecialFeaturesofBiochemicalReactions . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.3 SensorTechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.3.1 Thick-FilmTechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.3.2 Thin-FilmTechnologyandPatterningProcedures . . . . . . 85
2.3.3 SurfaceModificationandOrderedMonolayers . . . . . . . . 87
2.3.4 MicrosystemsTechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
2.4 MeasurementwithSensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.4.1 PrimaryElectronics forSensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.4.2 InstrumentsforElectricMeasurements . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
2.4.3 Optical Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
2.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
VIII Contents
3 Semiconductor Structures as Chemical Sensors . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4 Mass-Sensitive Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.1 BAWSensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.2 SAWSensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5 Conductivity Sensors and Capacitive Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.1 ConductometricSensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.2 ResistiveandCapacitiveGasSensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.2.1 GasSensorsBasedonPolycrystallineSemiconductors . . . . 126
5.2.2 GasSensorsMadeofPolymersandGels . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.3 ResistiveandCapacitiveSensors forLiquids . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
6 Thermometric and Calorimetric Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.1 SensorswithThermistorsandPellistors . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.2 PyroelectricSensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.3 SensorsBasedonOtherThermalEffects . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
6.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7 Electrochemical Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
7.1 PotentiometricSensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
7.1.1 SelectivityofPotentiometricSensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
7.1.2 Ion-SelectiveElectrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
7.1.3 TheIon-SelectiveFieldEffectTransistor (ISFET) . . . . . . . 159
7.1.4 MeasurementwithPotentiometricSensors . . . . . . . . . . 162
7.2 AmperometricSensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
7.2.1 SelectivityofAmperometricSensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
7.2.2 ElectrodeDesignandExamples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7.2.3 MeasurementwithAmperometricSensors . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.3 SensorsBasedonOtherElectrochemicalMethods . . . . . . 175
7.4 ElectrochemicalBiosensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
7.4.1 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
7.4.2 ClassesofElectrochemicalBiosensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
7.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
8 Optical Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
8.1 OpticalFibresasaBasis forOpticalSensors . . . . . . . . . . 199
8.2 Fibre SensorsWithout Chemical Receptors (Mediators) . . . 202
8.3 Optodes:FibreSensorswithaChemicalReceptor . . . . . . . 205
8.3.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
8.3.2 OptodeswithSimpleReceptorLayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
8.3.3 OptodeswithComplexReceptorLayers . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Contents IX
8.4 SensorswithPlanarOpticalTransducers . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
8.4.1 PlanarWaveguides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
8.4.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance
andResonant-MirrorPrismCouplers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
8.5 OpticalBiosensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
8.5.1 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
8.5.2 OpticalEnzymeSensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
8.5.3 OpticalBioaffinitySensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
8.5.4 OpticalDNASensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
8.6 SensorSystemswithIntegratedOptics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
8.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
9 Chemical Sensors as Detectors and Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . 227
9.1 Indicators forTitrationProcesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
9.2 Flow-Through Detectors for Continuous Analysers
andforSeparationTechniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
9.2.1 ContinuousAnalysers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
9.2.2 SeparationMethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
9.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
10 Sensor Arrays and Micro Total Analysis Systems . . . . . . . . . . 241
10.1 TwoTrendsandTheirCauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
10.2 SmartSensorsandSensorArrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
10.2.1 IntelligenceinSensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
10.2.2 SensorArrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
10.3 Micro Total Chemical Analysis Systems (¦Ì-TASs) . . . . . . . 253
10.3.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
10.3.2 TechnologicalAspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
10.3.3 Characteristic Operations and Processes
inMicroTotalAnalysers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
10.3.4 Examples of ¦Ì-TAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
10.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

[ Last edited by polymersun on 2007-9-18 at 19:02 ]
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