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综述文章《Hydrogen Production Reactions from Carbon Feedstocks...》
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Chmical Reviews 上的最新综述文章：《Hydrogen Production Reactions from Carbon Feedstocks：Fossil fuels and Biomass》 我仅仅列出部分引言，希望对各位有用。链接如下 http://www.91files.com/?DRIJGIWTPGZQH6BZ8RMU 1. Introduction Hydrogen is one of the most common elements in Earth’s crust, but it does not occur to a significant extent in elemental form. It is mostly present in water, biomass, and fossil hydrocarbons. Hydrogen is considered as a nonpolluting,inexhaustible, efficient, and cost-attractive energy carrier for the future. Hydrogen gas is a versatile energy carrier that is currently produced from a variety of primary sources such as natural gas, naphtha, heavy oil, methanol, biomass, wastes,coal, solar, wind, and nuclear.1-4 It is a clean energy carrier because the chemical energy stored in the H-H bond is released when it combines with oxygen, yielding only water as the reaction product, althought nitrogen oxides (NOx) can also form during high-temperature combustion in air. Accordingly, a future energy infrastructure based on hydrogen has been perceived as an ideal long-term solution to energyrelatedenvironmental problems.5,6 It is generally understood that the renewable energy-based processes of hydrogen production (solar photochemical and photobiological water decomposition, electrolysis of water coupled with photovoltaic cells or wind turbines, etc.) would be unlikely to yield significant reductions in hydrogen costs in the next few years. Industry generates some 48 million metric tons of hydrogen globally each year from fossil fuels. Almost half of this hydrogen goes into making ammonia,7 a major component of fertilizers and a familiar ingredient in household cleaners. Refineries use the second largest amount of hydrogen for chemical processes such as removing sulfur from gasoline and converting heavy hydrocarbons into gasoline or diesel fuel. Food producers use a small percentage of hydrogen to add to some edible oils through a catalytic hydrogenation process |
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