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Optical Properties of Condensed Matter and Applications
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Optical Properties of Condensed Matter and Applications 什么叫牛书，一看目录就知道： 1 Fundamental Optical Properties of Materials I 1 W.C. Tan, K. Koughia, J. Singh, and S.O. Kasap 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Optical Constants 2 1.2.1 Refractive index and extinction coefficient 2 1.2.2 n and K, and Kramers–Kronig relations 5 1.3 Refractive Index and Dispersion 6 1.3.1 Cauchy dispersion relation 7 1.3.2 Sellmeier dispersion equation 7 1.3.3 Refractive index of semiconductors 10 1.3.4 Gladstone–Dale formula and oxide glasses 12 1.3.5 Wemple–DiDomenico dispersion relation 12 1.3.6 Group index 14 1.4 The Swanepoel Technique: Measurement of n and a 14 1.4.1 Uniform-thickness films 14 1.4.2 Thin films with nonuniform thickness 19 1.5 Conclusions 23 2 Fundamental Optical Properties of Materials II 27 K. Koughia, J. Singh, S.O. Kasap, and H.E. Ruda 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Lattice or Reststrahlen Absorption and Infrared Reflection 30 2.3 Free-Carrier Absorption (FCA) 31 2.4 Band-to-Band or Fundamental Absorption (Crystalline Solids) 34 2.5 Impurity Absorption 38 2.5.1 Optical absorption of trivalent rare earth ions: Judd–Ofelt analysis 38 2.5.2 Optical absorption cross-section 41 2.6 Effect of External Fields 41 2.6.1 Electro-optic effects 41 2.6.2 Electro-absorption and Franz–Keldysh effect 42 2.6.3 Faraday effect 44 2.7 Conclusions 45 3 Optical Properties of Disordered Condensed Matter 47 K. Shimakawa, J. Singh, and S.K. O’Leary 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Fundamental Optical Absorption (Experimental) 49 3.2.1 Amorphous chalcogenides 49 3.2.2 Hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) 53 3.3 Absorption Coefficient (Theory) 54 3.4 Compositional Variation of the Optical Bandgap in Amorphous Chalcogenides 60 3.5 Conclusions 61 4 Concept of Excitons 63 J. Singh and H.E. Ruda 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Excitons in Crystalline Solids 64 4.2.1 Excitonic absorption in crystalline solids 67 4.3 Excitons in Amorphous Semiconductors 69 4.3.1 Excitonic absorption in amorphous solids 71 4.4 Conclusions 73 5 Photoluminescence 75 T. Aoki 5.1 Introduction 75 5.2 Fundamental Aspects of Photoluminescence (PL) in Condensed Matter 76 5.3 Experimental Aspects 80 5.3.1 Static PL spectroscopy 80 5.3.2 Photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy (PLES) and photoluminescence absorption spectroscopy (PLAS) 82 5.3.3 Time-resolved spectroscopy (TRS) 83 5.3.4 Time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) 86 5.3.5 Frequency-resolved spectroscopy (FRS) 87 5.3.6 Quadrature frequency-resolved spectroscopy (QFRS) 88 5.4 Photoluminescence Lifetime Spectroscopy of Amorphous Semiconductors by QFRS Technique 90 5.4.1 Overview 90 5.4.2 Dual-phase double lock-in (DPDL) QFRS technique 92 5.4.3 Exploring broad PL lifetime distribution in a-Si:H and a-Ge:H by wideband QFRS 95 5.4.4 Residual PL decay of a-Si:H 102 5.5 Conclusions 103 6 Photoluminescence and Photoinduced Changes in Noncrystalline Condensed Matter 107 J. Singh 6.1 Introduction 107 6.2 Photoluminescence 109 vi CONTENTS 6.2.1 Radiative recombination operator and transition matrix element 110 6.2.2 Rates of spontaneous emission 115 6.2.3 Results of spontaneous emission and radiative lifetime 121 6.2.4 Temperature dependence of PL 128 6.2.5 Excitonic concept 130 6.3 Photoinduced Changes in Amorphous Chalcogenides 131 6.3.1 Effect of photo-excitation and phonon interaction 132 6.3.2 Excitation of a single electron – hole pair 134 6.3.3 Pairing of like excited charge carriers 135 6.4 Conclusions 138 7 Light-induced Volume Changes in Chalcogenide Glasses 143 S. Kugler, J. Hegedüs, and K. Kohary 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Simulation Method 145 7.3 Sample Preparation 146 7.4 Light-induced Phenomena 150 7.4.1 Electron excitation 150 7.4.2 Hole creation 151 7.5 Macroscopic Models 153 7.5.1 Ideal, reversible case (a-Se) 153 7.5.2 Nonideal, irreversible case (a-As2Se3) 154 7.6 Conclusions 157 8 Optical Properties of Glasses 159 A. Edgar 8.1 Introduction 160 8.2 The Refractive Index 160 8.3 Glass Interfaces 162 8.4 Dispersion 165 8.5 Sensitivity of the Refractive Index 167 8.5.1 Temperature dependence 167 8.5.2 Stress dependence 168 8.5.3 Magnetic field dependence – the Faraday effect 168 8.5.4 Chemical perturbations – molar refractivity 171 8.6 Glass Color 171 8.6.1 Coloration by colloidal metals and semiconductors 172 8.6.2 Optical absorption in rare-earth-doped glass 173 8.6.3 Absorption by 3d metal ions 176 8.7 Fluorescence in Rare-earth-doped Glass 178 8.8 Glasses for Fibre Optics 181 8.9 Refractive Index Engineering 183 8.10 Transparent Glass Ceramics 185 8.10.1 Introduction 185 8.10.2 Theoretical basis for transparency 187 8.10.3 Rare-earth doped transparent glass ceramics for active photonics 190 CONTENTS vii 8.10.4 Ferroelectric transparent glass ceramics 192 8.10.5 Transparent glass ceramics for X-ray storage phosphors 192 8.11 Conclusions 194 9 Properties and Applications of Photonic Crystals 197 H.E. Ruda and N. Matsuura 9.1 Introduction 198 9.2 PC Overview 198 9.2.1 Introduction to PCs 200 9.2.2 Nano-engineering of PC architectures 202 9.2.3 Materials selection for PCs 203 9.3 Tunable PCs 203 9.3.1 Tuning PC response by changing the refractive index of constituent materials 205 9.3.2 Tuning PC response by altering the physical structure of the PC 208 9.4 Selected Applications of PC 209 9.4.1 Waveguide devices 210 9.4.2 Dispersive devices 210 9.4.3 Add/Drop multiplexing devices 211 9.4.4 Applications of PCs for LEDs and lasers 212 9.5 Conclusions 213 10 Nonlinear Optical Properties of Photonic Glasses 215 K. Tanaka 10.1 Introduction 215 10.2 Photonic Glass 217 10.3 Nonlinear Absorption and Refractivity 219 10.3.1 Fundamentals 219 10.3.2 Two-photon absorption 222 10.3.3 Nonlinear refractivity 224 10.4 Nonlinear Excitation-Induced Structural Changes 226 10.4.1 Fundamentals 226 10.4.2 Oxides 227 10.4.3 Chalcogenides 229 10.5 Conclusions 231 11 Optical Properties of Organic Semiconductors and Applications 235 T. Kobayashi and H. Naito 11.1 Introduction 235 11.2 Molecular Structure of π-Conjugated Polymers 236 11.3 Theoretical Models 237 11.4 Absorption Spectrum 240 11.5 Photoluminescence 243 11.6 Nonemissive Excited States 247 11.7 Electron–Electron Interaction 249 11.8 Interchain Interaction 254 11.9 Conclusions 258 viii CONTENTS 12 Organic Semiconductors and Applications 261 F. Zhu 12.1 Introduction 262 12.1.1 OLED architecture and operation principle 265 12.1.2 Technical challenges and process integration 265 12.2 Anode Modification for Enhanced OLED Performance 266 12.2.1 Low-temperature high-performance ITO 277 12.2.2 Anode modification 279 12.2.3 Electroluminescence performance of OLED 284 12.3 Flexible OLED Displays 284 12.3.1 Flexible OLEDs on ultra-thin glass substrate 286 12.3.2 Flexible top-emitting OLEDs on plastic foils 293 12.4 Conclusions 293 13 Optical Properties of Thin Films 297 V.V. Truong and S. Tanemura 13.1 Introduction 298 13.2 Optics of thin films 298 13.2.1 An isotropic film on a substrate 298 13.2.2 Matrix methods for multi-layered structures 300 13.2.3 Anisotropic films 302 13.3 Reflection–Transmission Photoellipsometry for Optical-Constants Determination 303 13.3.1 Photoellipsometry of a thick or a thin film 303 13.3.2 Photoellipsometry for a stack of thick and thin films 306 13.3.3 Remarks on the reflection–transmission photoellipsometry method 308 13.4 Applications of Thin Films to Energy Management and Renewable Energy Technologies 309 13.4.1 Electrochromic thin films 309 13.4.2 Pure and metal-doped VO2 thermochromic thin films 310 13.4.3 Temperature-stabilized V1−xWxO2 sky radiator films 312 13.4.4 Optical functional TiO2 thin film for environmentally friendly technologies 315 13.5 Conclusions 320 14 Negative Index of Refraction: Optics and Metamaterials 325 J.E. Kielbasa, D.L. Carroll, and R.T. Williams 14.1 Introduction 326 14.1.1 Electric and magnetic response 329 14.1.2 Veselago’s slab lens and Pendry’s perfect lens 332 14.2 Optics of Propagating Waves with Negative Index 332 14.2.1 Foundation in Fourier optics 333 14.2.2 Fermat’s principle in a slab lens 336 14.2.3 Ray tracing with negative index and aberrations 338 14.3 Super-resolution with the Slab Lens 338 14.3.1 Amplification of the evanescent waves 345 CONTENTS ix 14.3.2 Aberrations in the evanescent image 345 14.3.3 Experimental results with evanescent waves 346 14.4 Negative Refraction with Metamaterials 348 14.5 Conclusions 352 15 Excitonic Processes in Quantum Wells 355 J. Singh and I.-K. Oh 15.1 Introduction 355 15.2 Exciton–Phonon Interaction 356 15.3 Exciton Formation in Quantum Wells Assisted by Phonons 357 15.4 Nonradiative Relaxation of Free Excitons 365 15.4.1 Intraband processes 365 15.4.2 Interband processes 370 15.5 Quasi-2D Free-Exciton Linewidth 376 15.6 Localization of Free Excitons 382 15.7 Conclusions 390 16 Optical Properties and Spin Dynamics of Diluted Magnetic 下载网址： http://mihd.net/b7zmtn |
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