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Here we present a novel method for measuring KIEs for magnetically active heavy-atom isotopes (e.g., 15N, 13C), which is based on the isotopic change of the signal shape observed in the 1H NMR spectra. In this method we use a combination of a compound at natural abundance and its heavy-atom isotopologue, labeled with 13C at a position for which the isotopic fractionation is measured. The resonance split of the protons coupled with the heavy atom in the 1Hspectrum compared to the unlabeled compound allows for direct measurement of the ratio of concentrations of the two isotopologues (isotopic ratio, R). As an example of this, we have chosen the 13C-KIE for the hydroamination of styrene with aniline, catalyzed by phosphine-ligated palladium triflates (Scheme 1), which has been shown to exhibit a substantial 13C-KIE at the benzylic carbon.7 In the proposed methodology, we have used a combination of two isotopologues, styrene of natural abundance and (¦Á-13C)- styrene, in order to obtain the 13C/12C ratio from 1H NMR signals of benzylic hydrogen of the unreacted substrate. One of these signals in the unlabeled isotopologue is a doublet of doublets at 6.685 ppm, while it is additionally split with a coupling constant of 153.3 Hz in the 13C-labeled reactant, as illustrated in Figure 1. The obtained value of 13C-KIE, 1.036, is in excellent agreement with the value of 1.037 determined theoretically and is slightly higher than 1.030 ( 0.003 (95% confidence level) determined experimentally.7 The difference between the two experimental KIE values may be due to the better sensitivity of the method proposed herein or a small secondary isotope effect of the reference carbon atom. This latter case would indicate that the model in which aniline is truncated to ammonia does not yield correct results. In order to find out if the theoretical model is in fact the source of the discrepancy between theoretically predicted and experimentally observed KIE, we have performed theoretical calculations extending the model to include the whole aniline molecule. Three transition states, 1ac, illustrated in Figure 2 (detailed geometries, energies, and frequencies are given in the Supporting Information), have been found differing in the C6C9N12C30 dihedral angle (atom numbering and values of the torsional angle given in Figure 2). The most stable structure 1a, given on the left, is more stable by 0.9 and 1.6 kcal/ mol than structures shown in the center (1b) and on the right (1c) of Figure 2, respectively. The obtained 13C-KIEs for ¦Á and para positions are 1.0372 and 1.0007, respectively, in agreement with the results reported previously by Singleton. Thus, it seems that the method presented herein yields results slightly more accurate that those based on 13C NMR. In conclusion, we present a new NMR approach to measurements of heavy-atom isotope effects that takes advantage of the high sensitivity of 1H NMR spectra. It should be noted, however, that it can be applied only in the advantageous cases when the proton signal of interest is not overlapping with any other signals, a much less frequent case than in 13C NMR spectra, although there is some flexibility here; only one satellite signal may be used for kinetic studies if the other one overlaps with other peaks. In such fortunate cases it can be applied to both chemical as well as enzymatic reactions; we are currently working on the application of this method to the studies of binding isotope effects on binding inhibitors to lactic dehydrogenases that should allow us to distinguish isoforms of the enzyme.8 On the other hand, measurements of 15N KIEs using this method would be challenging in systems that have exchangeable NH protons in the reactant and product. |
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