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Here we present a novel method for measuring KIEs for
magnetically active heavy-atom isotopes (e.g., 15N, 13C), which is
based on the isotopic change of the signal shape observed in the
1H NMR spectra. In this method we use a combination of a
compound at natural abundance and its heavy-atom isotopologue,
labeled with 13C at a position for which the isotopic
fractionation is measured. The resonance split of the protons
coupled with the heavy atom in the 1Hspectrum compared to the
unlabeled compound allows for direct measurement of the ratio
of concentrations of the two isotopologues (isotopic ratio, R). As
an example of this, we have chosen the 13C-KIE for the hydroamination of styrene with aniline, catalyzed by phosphine-ligated
palladium triflates (Scheme 1), which has been shown to exhibit a
substantial 13C-KIE at the benzylic carbon.7
In the proposed methodology, we have used a combination of
two isotopologues, styrene of natural abundance and (¦Á-13C)-
styrene, in order to obtain the 13C/12C ratio from 1H NMR
signals of benzylic hydrogen of the unreacted substrate. One of
these signals in the unlabeled isotopologue is a doublet of
doublets at 6.685 ppm, while it is additionally split with a
coupling constant of 153.3 Hz in the 13C-labeled reactant, as
illustrated in Figure 1.
The obtained value of 13C-KIE, 1.036, is in excellent agreement
with the value of 1.037 determined theoretically and is
slightly higher than 1.030 ( 0.003 (95% confidence level)
determined experimentally.7 The difference between the two
experimental KIE values may be due to the better sensitivity of
the method proposed herein or a small secondary isotope effect
of the reference carbon atom. This latter case would indicate that
the model in which aniline is truncated to ammonia does not
yield correct results. In order to find out if the theoretical model is
in fact the source of the discrepancy between theoretically predicted
and experimentally observed KIE, we have performed
theoretical calculations extending the model to include the whole
aniline molecule. Three transition states, 1ac, illustrated in
Figure 2 (detailed geometries, energies, and frequencies are given
in the Supporting Information), have been found differing in
the C6C9N12C30 dihedral angle (atom numbering and
values of the torsional angle given in Figure 2). The most stable
structure 1a, given on the left, is more stable by 0.9 and 1.6 kcal/
mol than structures shown in the center (1b) and on the right
(1c) of Figure 2, respectively. The obtained 13C-KIEs for ¦Á and
para positions are 1.0372 and 1.0007, respectively, in agreement
with the results reported previously by Singleton. Thus, it seems
that the method presented herein yields results slightly more
accurate that those based on 13C NMR.
In conclusion, we present a new NMR approach to measurements
of heavy-atom isotope effects that takes advantage of the
high sensitivity of 1H NMR spectra. It should be noted, however,
that it can be applied only in the advantageous cases when the
proton signal of interest is not overlapping with any other signals,
a much less frequent case than in 13C NMR spectra, although
there is some flexibility here; only one satellite signal may be used
for kinetic studies if the other one overlaps with other peaks. In
such fortunate cases it can be applied to both chemical as well as
enzymatic reactions; we are currently working on the application
of this method to the studies of binding isotope effects on binding
inhibitors to lactic dehydrogenases that should allow us to
distinguish isoforms of the enzyme.8 On the other hand, measurements
of 15N KIEs using this method would be challenging
in systems that have exchangeable NH protons in the reactant
and product.

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