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Acc. Chem. Res.最新综述：锂-硫电池的挑战与前景
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锂-硫电池是近年来新发展出的新型电池，具有较高的能量密度和廉价等优点。本文为顶级综述期刊ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH的综述，介绍了当前锂-硫电池发展面临的挑战以及发展前景。文章10页，引文80篇，作者为美国得克萨斯大学奥斯汀的锂电大牛Arumugam Manthiram。 Electrical energy storage is one of the most critical needs of 21st century society. Applications that depend on electrical energy storage include portable electronics, electric vehicles, and devices for renewable energy storage from solar and wind. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have the highest energy density among the rechargeable battery chemistries. As a result, Li-ion batteries have proven successful in the portable electronics market and will play a significant role in large-scale energy storage. Over the past two decades, Li-ion batteries based on insertion cathodes have reached a cathode capacity of 250 mA h g–1 and an energy density of 800 W h kg–1, which do not meet the requirement of 500 km between charges for all-electric vehicles. With a goal of increasing energy density, researchers are pursuing alternative cathode materials such as sulfur and O2 that can offer capacities that exceed those of conventional insertion cathodes, such as LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4, by an order of magnitude (>1500 mA h g–1). Sulfur, one of the most abundant elements on earth, is an electrochemically active material that can accept up to two electrons per atom at 2.1 V vs Li/Li+. As a result, sulfur cathode materials have a high theoretical capacity of 1675 mA h g–1, and lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have a theoretical energy density of 2600 W h kg–1. Unlike conventional insertion cathode materials, sulfur undergoes a series of compositional and structural changes during cycling, which involve soluble polysulfides and insoluble sulfides. As a result, researchers have struggled with the maintenance of a stable electrode structure, full utilization of the active material, and sufficient cycle life with good system efficiency. Although researchers have made significant progress on rechargeable Li–S batteries in the last decade, these cycle life and efficiency problems prevent their use in commercial cells. To overcome these persistent problems, researchers will need new sulfur composite cathodes with favorable properties and performance and new Li–S cell configurations. In this Account, we first focus on the development of novel composite cathode materials including sulfur–carbon and sulfur–polymer composites, describing the design principles, structure and properties, and electrochemical performances of these new materials. We then cover new cell configurations with carbon interlayers and Li/dissolved polysulfide cells, emphasizing the potential of these approaches to advance capacity retention and system efficiency. Finally, we provide a brief survey of efficient electrolytes. The Account summarizes improvements that could bring Li–S technology closer to mass commercialization. .  Challenges and Prospects of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries.jpg [ 来自科研家族 材料家族 ] |
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2012-10-26 11:15:02, 3.93 M
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