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[资源] 引用超高的外文书 The Iron Oxides 与大家共享

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Contents
1 Introduction to the iron oxides
2 Crystal structure
2.2 Iron oxide structures
2.3 Structures of the individual iron oxides 14
2.3.1 The oxide hydroxides 14
2.3.1.1 Goethite a-FeOOH 14
2.3.1.2 Lepidocrocite y-FeO(OH) 16
2.3.1.4 5-FeOOH and 8'-FeOOH (feroxyhyte) 20
2.3.1.5 High pressure FeOOH 21
2.3.1.6 Ferrihydrite 22
2.3.2 The hydroxides 24
2.3.2.1 Bernalite Fe(OH)
2.3.2.2 Fe(OH)2
2.3.2.3 Green rusts 25
2.3.3 The oxides 26
2.3.3.1 Haematite a-Fe203
2.3.3.2 Magnetite Fe304
2.3.3.3 Maghemite y-Fe203
2.3.3.4 Wüstite Fe^O 31
2.4 The Fe-Ti oxide System 33
3 Cation Substitution 35
3.1 General 35
3.2 Goethite 38
3.2.1 AI Substitution 38
3.2.1.1 Synthetic goethites 38
3.2.1.2 Natural goethites 43
3.2.2 Other substituting cations 43
3.3 Haematite 48
3.4 Other Fe oxides 50

VIII Contents
4 Crystal morphology and size 53
4.1 General 53
4.1.1 Crystal growth 53
4.1.2 Crystal morphology 55
4.1.3 Crystal size 57
4.2 The iron oxides 58
4.2.1 Goethite 59
4.2.1.1 General 59
4.2.1.2 Domainic character 64
4.2.1.3 Twinning 66
4.2.1.4 Effect of additives on goethite morphology 68
4.2.2 Lepidocrocite 70
4.2.3 Akaganeite and schwertmannite 71
4.2.4 Ferrihydrite 73
4.2.5 Haematite 74
4.2.6 Magnetite 82
4.2.7 Maghemite 85
4.2.8 Other iron oxides 85
5 Surface area and porosity 87
5.1 Surface area 87
5.2 Porosity 91
5.3 Surface roughness and fractality 93
5.4 The iron oxides 94
5.4.1 Goethite 95
5.4.2 Lepidocrocite 97
5.4.3 Akaganeite and schwertmannite 97
5.4.4 5-FeOOH and feroxyhyte 98
5.4.5 Ferrihydrite 99
5.4.6 Haematite 101
5.4.7 Magnetite 102
5.4.8 Maghemite 102
6 Electronic, electrical and magnetic properties 103
6.1 Electronic properties 103
6.1.1 Free Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions 103
6.1.2 Bound Fe ions 104
6.1.3 Molecular orbital description of bonding in iron oxides 107
6.2 Electrical properties 108
6.2.1 Semiconductor properties of iron oxides 110
6.3 Magnetic properties 110  6.3.1 Basic definitions 112
6.3.2 Types of magnetism 113
6.3.3 Magnetic behaviour of iron oxides 115
6.3.4 The different iron oxides 118
6.3.4.1 Goethite 118
6.3.4.2 Lepidocrocite 119
Contents IX
6.3.4.3 Akaganeite 119
6.3.4.4 8-FeOOH and feroxyhyte 119
6.3.4.5 High pressure FeOOH 120
6.3.4.6 Ferrihydrite 120
6.3.4.7 Haematite 120
6.3.4.8 Magnetite 123
6.3.4.9 Maghemite 123
6.3.4.10 e-Fe203 124
6.3.4.11 Fe(OH)2 124
6.3.4.12 Wüstite 125
7 Characterization 127
7.1 Introduction 127
7.2 Infrared spectroscopy 128
7.2.1 Goethite 129
7.2.2 Lepidocrocite 132
7.2.3 Ferrihydrite 132
7.2.4 Haematite 133
7.2.5 Other iron oxides 134
7.3 Raman spectroscopy 135
7.4 Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy 136
7.4.1 UV-Vis spectra 138
7.4.2 Colour and optical properties 141
7.4.2.1 Colour 144
7.4.2.2 Pigment properties 146
7.5 Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetometry 146
7.5.1 Mössbauer spectra and parameters 146
7.5.1.1 Goethite 148
7.5.1.2 Lepidocrocite 148
7.5.1.3 Ferrihydrite 148
7.5.1.4 Haematite 151
7.5.1.5 Magnetite and maghemite 152
7.5.1.6 Other iron oxides 153
7.5.2 Magnetometry 154
7.5.2.1 General 154
7.5.2.2 Initial magnetic susceptibility 155
7.5.2.3 Magnetic anisotropy, coercivity and Saturation magnetization .... 155
7.5.2.4 Domain type 158
7.5.2.5 Curie temperature analysis 161
7.5.2.6 Applications 161
7.6 Other spectroscopic techniques 162
7.7 Diffraction techniques 165
7.7.1 X-ray diffraction 165
7.7.2 Other diffraction techniques 168
7.8 Microscopy 170
7.9 Thermoanalysis 171
7.9.1 Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) 171
X Contents
7.9.2 Differential thermal analysis (DTA) 171
7.10 Dissolution methods 173
8 Thermodynamics of the Fe-02-H20 system 175
8.1 General 175
8.2 Standard free energy of reaction and the equilibrium constant . . . 176
8.3 Redox reactions 178
8.4 Effect of complexing agents on redox potential 180
8.5 Stability 181
8.5.1 "Bulk" crystals 181
8.5.2 Effect of particle size and AI Substitution 187
9 Solubility 189
9.1 General 189
9.2 The solubility product 189
9.3 The effect of hydrolysis reactions and pH on solubility 190
9.4 Other factors influencing solubility and the solubility product .... 195
9.4.1 Complexation 196
9.4.2 Redox reactions 196
9.4.3 Ionic strength 198
9.4.4 Properties of the solid 199
9.4.4.1 Particle size 199
9.4.4.2 Ageing and isomorphous Substitution 201
9.5 Methods of determining or calculating the solubility products .... 201
9.6 Solubility products 203
10 Surface chemistry and colloidal stability 207
10.1 Surface functional groups 207
10.2 Surface acidity and acidity constants 213
10.3 The electrical double layer 216
10.4 Electrochemical properties 218
10.5 Surface charge and point of zero charge 221
10.6 Stability of colloidal suspensions 226
10.6.1 General 226
10.6.2 Stability of iron oxide suspensions 229
11 Adsorption of ions and molecules 235
11.1 General 235
11.2 Treatment of adsorption data 236
11.2.1 The Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm equations 236
11.2.2 Surface complexation modeis 236
11.3 Anion adsorption 240
11.3.1 Modes of coordination 246
11.3.2 Selected inorganic anions 247
11.3.3 Organic anions and other organic Compounds 251
11.4 Cation adsorption 254
11.5 Ternary adsorption 261
Contents XI
11.6 Adsorption of gases 263
11.7 Photochemical reactions 264
12 Dissolution 267
12.1 Introduction 267
12.2 Dissolution reactions and mechanisms 268
12.2.1 Principles 268
12.2.2 Protonation 270
12.2.3 Complexation 272
12.2.4 Reduction 276
12.2.4.1 General 276
12.2.4.2 Examples of reductants 277
12.2.4.3 Photochemical reduction 281
12.2.4.4 Biological and other reduction reactions in natural environments . 285
12.2.5 Comparison of the three different types of dissolution reactions . . 286
12.3 Dissolution modeis 287
12.4 Individual iron oxides 291
12.4.1 Goethite 291
12.4.1.1 Unsubstituted goethite 291
12.4.1.2 Substituted goethite 297
12.4.1.3 Natural goethite and haematite 300
12.4.2 Lepidocrocite and akaganeite 301
12.4.3 Ferrihydrite 303
12.4.4 Haematite 303
12.4.5 Magnetite and maghemite 304
12.4.6 Comparison of different oxides 306
13 Formation 313
13.1 General 313
13.2 Formation in Fe
111
Systems 314
13.2.1 Hydrolysis reactions 314
13.2.2 Polynuclear species 317
13.2.3 Crystalline products formed in acid media 319
13.2.4 Mechanisms of formation 320  13.2.5 Transformation of ferrihydrite in neutral to alkaline media 323
13.2.6 Factors affecting the goethite-to-haematite ratio 327
13.2.7 Effect of foreign Compounds 329
13.2.7.1 General 329
13.2.7.2 Anions and neutral molecules in acid media 331
13.2.7.3 Anions and neutral molecules in alkaline media 332
13.2.7.4 Cations 335
13.3 Formation in aqueous Fe
11
Systems 339
13.3.1 General 339
13.3.2 Effect of pH 340  13.3.3 Effect of oxidation rate 343
13.3.4 Effect of foreign Compounds 344
13.4 Decomposition of Fe complexes 347
XII  Contents
14 Transformations 349
14.1 Introduction 349
14.2 Thermal transformations 351
14.2.1 Dehydration and dehydroxylation 351
14.2.1.1 General 351
14.2.1.2 Goethite 352
14.2.1.3 Lepidocrocite 356
14.2.1.4 Akaganeite and schwertmannite 359
14.2.1.5 8-FeOOH and feroxyhyte 360
14.2.1.6 Ferrihydrite 361
14.2.2 Isochemical transformations 363
14.2.2.1 Maghemite to haematite 363
14.3 Via-solution transformations 364
14.3.1 Lepidocrocite to goethite/haematite 364
14.3.2 Akaganeite to goethite/haematite 365
14.3.3 Schwertmannite to goethite 367
14.3.4 Maghemite and goethite to haematite 368
14.4 Oxidative and reductive transformations 368
14.4.1 Oxidation of magnetite to maghemite or haematite 368
14.4.2 Reduction of Fe
111
oxides and oxyhydroxides to magnetite 370
14.4.3 Reduction of iron ores to iron 372
14.5 Interaction of iron oxides with other metal oxides and carbonates 373
15 Rocks and ores 375
15.1 Introduction 375
15.2 Magmatic and metamorphic rocks and ores 376
15.3 Sediments and sedimentary rocks 378
15.3.1 Red beds 379
15.3.2 Sedimentary iron ores 381
15.3.3 Other Sediments 385
15.3.4 Ferricretes and bauxites 386
15.4. Recent geological environments 387
15.4.1 Terrestrial surfaces 388
15.4.2 Spring and ground water 388
15.4.3 Deep sea 389
15.4.4 Continental shelves 389
15.4.5 Lakes and streams 389
15.4.6 Hydrothermal marine environments 390  15.4.7 Martian surface 391
16 Soils 395
16.1 Soils - a unique environment for iron oxide formation
in terrestrial ecosystems 395
16.2 Iron oxide formation in soils 397
16.3 Iron oxide content and soil development 399
16.4 Occurrence and formation 399
16.4.1 Historical aspects[ Last edited by fly-peng on 2012-9-11 at 14:25 ]

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