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duanhua2004木虫 (正式写手)
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[作物栽培学]水稻方向段落翻译修改，金币不够再加，接受私人有偿翻译
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是自己已发表的中文文章，杂志社要求再写一篇相应的英文，自己英语水平不行，只好求助虫友修改润色，金币不够再加，谢谢了！ 4 深入开展高温对水稻影响的建议 4 Suggestions for further research on the impact of high temperature on rice 4.1高温胁迫下水稻根系形态与生理 4.1 The rice root morphology and physiology under the high-temperature stress 植物根系既是水分和养分吸收的主要器官，又是多种激素、有机酸和氨基酸合成的重要场所，其形态和生理特性与地上部的生长发育、产量和品质形成均有密切的关系，由于高温对作物的影响首先是表现在地上部，因此目前国内外对于高温胁迫研究大部分集中于作物地上部(叶片和籽粒)，作为作物最重要的组成部分－根系，必然也会对高温胁迫作出响应，但把作物地下部根系形态生理与地上部作为一个整体研究甚少，加强高温对作物根系形态生理的研究，并与地上部相联系，提高作物整体的耐热性，是今后需要解决的重要科学问题。 Roots are an integral part of plant organs and involved in acquisition of nutrients and water, synthesis of plant hormones, organic acids and amino acids, and anchorage of plants. Root morphology and physiology are closely related with the growth and development of aboveground plants, yield and quality. For the impact of high temperature are initially reflected on the aboveground plants, most of the relative research at home and abroad focused on the crop aboveground (leaves and grain). As one of the most important parts of the crop, root naturally will respond to the high temperature stress, however, there are rare studies take the root morphological and physiological traits and the aboveground growth as a whole. Strengthening the study of impact of the high temperature on the crop root physiology and morphology, associating the aboveground, and enhancing the heat resistance of the crop are the important scientific problems witch need to be addressed in the future. 4.2高温影响水稻生长发育和产量形成的分子机理 目前，关于高温影响水稻生长发育、产量形成方面已积累了大量的研究，但以往的研究主要集中在作物形态、生理等方面，从分子水平上阐明高温对水稻影响的报道较少。蛋白质组学研究是近年来发展起来的一种技术，在蛋白质水平上研究高温胁迫下水稻基因的表达调控机制，可以更直接地找出与高温胁迫相关的基因群，揭示水稻的高温伤害和耐性机制。高温对水稻生长发育和产量形成的伤害分子机理是一个复杂的过程，目前有关植物对高温响应的蛋白质组学研究只是为深入研究作物对高温响应的分子机理提供了初步的基础。今后应从分子水平上探索水稻对高温响应及其适应性的内在机理，并通过基因工程等方法培育出高产优质耐高温品种。 4.2 The molecular mechanism of impact of high temperature on rice growth and yield formation At present, lots of studies on the impact of high temperature on rice growth and yield formation have been done, which focused mainly on the crop morphology and physiology, while few reports are at the molecular level. Proteomics research is a new technology developed in recent years, it can find gene cluster related to heat stress directly by researching the expression and regulation mechanism of rice gene under high-temperature at protein level, then the mechanism of the heat stress and thermo-resistant of rice can be revealed. The damage mechanism on rice growth and yield of high temperature is a complex process. Current proteomics research on the response of plants to heat stress preliminarily provides a basis for the further research on the molecular mechanisms of crop response to high temperature. In future studies, we should explore the mechanism of rice response and flexibility to high temperature at protein level and develop cultivar with heat-resistance and high yield by genetic engineering. 4.3高温与干旱对水稻生长发育的交互影响 由温室效应而导致的陆地表面温度的升高会影响全球和区域的降水格局。降水格局的改变与全球变化的其他方面相互作用很可能会影响到作物的生长。降水的增加或减少可能会改变土壤的蒸发、冠层的蒸腾和土壤水分含量，这些因素反过来又会对作物的功能以及水分的收支产生影响。近年来，高温与干旱同时发生的频率增加，加重了高温或干旱对水稻产量和品质形成的危害。同时，由于温室效应，夜间的温度明显增加。Peng等[101]观察到，在菲律宾国际水稻研究所，自1979年至2003年白天的最高温度和夜间的最低温度分别增加了0.35℃和1.13℃；产量的降低与夜间温度的升高密切相关，而与白天的最高温度相关不显著。说明温室效应增加了干旱的发生和夜间温度的升高。但目前的研究多集中在高温或干旱单因子对水稻的影响，对于高温和干旱的双重效应研究很少。今后需要加强对高温与干旱的复合胁迫效应以及夜间温度升高影响水稻生长发育的生理生化和分子机理研究。 4.3 The interaction of high temperature and drought on the rice growth and development The increasing of ground temperature which was caused by greenhouse effect will influence the global and regional precipitation scenario. The interaction of precipitation scenario and other global changes may affect the growth of crops. The precipitation change may change the soil evaporation, the transpiration of the canopy and the soil moisture content, all of which will influence the growth of crop and its moisture budget. In recent years, heat occurred frequently with drought, and their interaction affect grain yield and quality more seriously. Simultaneously, influenced by the greenhouse effect, temperature rises obviously at night. At the International Rice Research Institute, the highest and lowest temperatures by day or night increased 0.35℃ and 1.13℃ respectively from 1979 to 2003 (Peng et al). Decrease of the grain yield is closely related to the increase of night temperature but not with the highest daytime temperature. The results show that the greenhouse effect increase tendency of drought and the night temperature. However, Present researches mainly focus on the impact of high temperature or drought, while few studies on the double impacts of them. In the future research, studies on the composite effect of heat and temperature and the physiological and molecular mechanisms of the impact on rice with the increasing night temperature should be strengthened. 4.4高温影响水稻体内生理代谢整体认识 目前，虽然高温胁迫对水稻生长发育、产量和品质的影响及其生理生化机理已有较多的研究。但要充分认识其机理还要作大量艰苦的工作。水稻对高温胁迫的响应是一个复杂的、但又是有序的生理生化过程，这一过程既是激素调控和基因表达的过程，也是酶参与代谢的过程；以往对水稻高温胁迫的研究，或侧重于某个激素、某个酶的变化，或侧重于水分或养分或环境条件影响，而缺乏高温影响水稻体内生理代谢的整体认识。今后应加强从遗传、环境(含栽培)、器官或组织以及植株整体水平等不同层次上深入研究水稻高温胁迫的机理及其调控途径，为水稻高产优质与抗逆栽培提供理论依据。 4.4 The whole understanding of high temperature affecting the rice physiological metabolism At present, there are many studies on the high temperature stress impact on rice growth and development, grain yield and quality and its physiological and biochemical mechanism, but a lot of hard work need to be done to understand its mechanism. Rice response to heat stress is a complex but orderly physiological and biochemical process, witch is not only a hormonal regulation and gene expression process, but enzymes involving in the metabolic process; previous research on rice under the high temperature stress mainly focused on the change of a hormone or an enzyme, or focused on the impact of the water, nutrients or environmental conditions, but lack of overall understanding of the high temperature effect on the rice physiological metabolism. In the future research, it should be strengthened in aspect of heredity, environment, organs or tissues as well as plants to lucubrate the high temperature stress mechanism and regulatory pathways and provide a theoretical basis for the high yield, good quality and resilience cultivation. [ Last edited by duanhua2004 on 2012-8-18 at 14:45 ] |
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