[交流] 转贴长江论坛转字UN-WATER的一篇Water Pollution in China

先贴出来 然后慢慢看 Water Pollution in China   ( 2007-4-5 　Source:UN-Water ) Abstract：Contents: Major River Basin Water Pollution Ground and Underground Water Lakes Coastal Water Pollution Current Plans and Initiatives As industrial development grows in both the urban and rural centers of China and water treatment facilities continue to be in dearth, surface and groundwater pollution is becoming increasingly severe. In 1994, the total volume of waste water in China was 40.82 billion tons, including 24.08 billion from industrial use and 4.3 billion tons from township and village enterprises (TVEs). This figure was 2.7 percent higher than in 1993. In addition, the chemical oxygen demand (the quantity of oxygen needed to oxidize pollutants into environmentally safe substances) increased by 9.4 percent, heavy metal increased by 4.7 percent, arsenic chemicals increased by 14.4 percent, cyanide increased by 2.8 percent and volatile phenols increased by 8.9 percent, while petroleum related pollutants declined 10.1 percent. Although almost 75 percent of industrial waste water received some treatment that year, 3 percentage points higher than in 1993, only 40 percent of the treated waste water met China‘s waste water effluence standards. Contents: Major River Basin Water Pollution Ground and Underground Water Lakes Coastal Water Pollution Current Plans and Initiatives Major River Basin Water Pollution Nearly every major river in China suffers from pollution. In a 1994 survey of seven of China‘s major river basins and 110 designated key sections of these rivers, only 32 percent of river water was found to meet the national standards for drinking water sources (classified as Class I and Class II). Major pollutants included ammonia oxide and toxic and organic chemicals. Currently, 24 percent of the Chinese population is said to be drinking very polluted water and 79 percent is drinking somewhat polluted water. The drinking water of nearly all cities located in a river‘s down stream also contain colon bacillus, a bacteria harmful to the human digestive system. The following rivers are discussed below: Liaohe River Huaihe River Basin Yangtze River Pearl River Basin Yellow River Liaohe River Today, one the most polluted river basin in China is the Liaohe River in Northeast China, a primary base for heavy industry and energy. Only 6 percent of its water meets national standards for drinking water sources. Primary pollution indexes have been found to include ammonia nitrogen, potassium permanganate, volatile phenols, copper and cyanide. The Taizi Section, near Benxi, is the most polluted. Huaihe River Basin However, it is the pollution in the 4,300 km long, densely populated Huaihe River Basin that poses the most serious threat to human health in China. Over 160 million people reside in the area. In addition, nearly 50 percent of the water in the River and its tributaries is unsuitable for irrigation. The primary pollutants in the river are ammonia nitrogen and potassium permanganate. The untreated waste water discharged directly into the Huaihe River is primarily from the surrounding small-scale TVEs such as paper mills, breweries, chemical plants and tanneries which still rely on outdated, environmentally unfriendly production technology. 12.1 percent of TVE waste water discharge and 16.4 percent of the TVE-induced chemical oxygen demand is in this Basin. In an attempt to alleviate the problem, the Environmental & Resources Protection Committee of the State Council and NEPA jointly decided to close all paper mills with an annual production lower than 5,000 tons. However, the result was a massive surge in production, where all enterprises tried to increase their production above the ceiling to avoid closure. The rapid, unmonitored production that followed further aggravated the pollution in the Basin. In addition, the reluctance of local officials to close productive TVEs that are contributing to the local economy has proven to be a major barrier to curbing TVE pollution, particularly since it is oftentimes these same officials who hold the responsibility to environmental enforcement and monitoring. The Basin continues to lie on top of NEPA‘s priority regions affected by TVE pollution. A pollution disaster in July 1994 severely affected the lower reaches of the Huaihe River. Torrential rains in Henan Province caused the highly polluted Shayinghe River, a branch of the Huaihe River, to flood 200 million cubic meters of waste water into Huaihe River, expanding over 70 km on the river‘s length. The drinking water of Huaiyin City was contaminated, affecting the health of several thousand people and incurring severe losses for local industry and agricultural production. Nearly 70 percent of the Heihe (or "black river", a tributary of Huaihe River, is comprised of waste water. The Henan Provincial Medical College found that the death rate in the area is 30 percent higher and the malignant tumor rate is more than twice as much as the nation‘s average. It has been found that the liver of ninety percent of the children who live in the area have been affected by disease, and in the last two decades, none from the area have been physically healthy enough to qualify for the People‘s Liberation Army. Millions of people living in the lower reaches of Huaihe River Valley are suffering from a shortage of clean drinking water. In many cases, even deep water resources have proven harmful to human health. In Pengpu City near Nanjing, the Huaihe River Valley Water Administration had to resort to rationing 10 kg of clean water daily to the residents for drinking and cooking purposes, beginning 28 March 1996. In response to the above situation, the State Council promulgated on 8 August 1995 the Interim Ordinance of Water Pollution Prevention and Control For Huaihe River Basin. The Ordinance stipulated that industrial enterprises that discharged waste water after 1 January 1998 that does not meet with national discharge standards would be severely punished. In 1995, Anhui Province closed 54 TVEs and thereby eliminated 8.81 million tons of waste water. The Province also ordered another 30 major enterprises to establish waste water treatment facilities to control waste water by the end of 1996. Yangtze River The Yangtze River receives the largest quantity of waste water in China at 40 million tons per day, accounting for 41 percent of the country‘s total waste water discharge. While the water quality in the River‘s mainstream is slightly better than that in its branches, the drinking water supplies in the nearby cities are continuously polluted. Only 42 percent of Yangtze‘s water meets national standards for potable water supply sources. The primary pollutants are ammonia nitrogen, potassium permanganate and volatile phenols. Some sections suffer from a high copper and arsenic index. Pearl River Basin The water quality of the Pearl River Basin is often considered to be not as severe as the others. Thirty-nine percent of the river‘s water meets Class I & II standards. Major pollutants include ammonia nitrogen, potassium permanganate and arsenic. On 17 June 1994, 300 tons of highly toxic arsenic flooded into the Xijiang River in Guangxi Province. The Chinese government organized an emergency response group to address possible poisoning. After intensive investigation, however, the concentration of arsenic in the water was found to be only half of the national limit. Yellow River Basin Seven percent of the Yellow River‘s main stream water quality meets national standards. However, many sections are polluted by organic substances. Ground and Underground Water Urban groundwater resources are generally polluted and are getting worse. In 1994, only 51 rivers out of 136 surveyed which pass through urban areas qualified for human use; 21 were suitable for drinking water purposes, 37 could be used only for industrial purposes and were unsafe for human body contact, and 17 could be used for agricultural irrigation. The main pollutants in urban groundwater are petrochemicals, volatile phenols, ammonia nitrous and mercury. Urban underground water resources in major cities are over-extracted, especially in Taiyuan, Nanjing, Shijiazhuang, Suzhou, Datong, Tangshan, Baoding, Qingdao and Yantai. In 1994, the urban underground water quality in Urumqi, Nanchang, Chengdu, Dalian, Xiangfan and Benxi improved from the previous year, while that in Zhengzhou, Guiyang and Xinyang deteriorated. Lakes Excessive phosphors and nitrogen from night soil and detergents have aggravated the eutrophication of major fresh water lakes in China. Lake Taihu in Jiangsu Province is considered one of the most beautiful and productive lakes in China. It‘s total area only accounts for 0.4 percent of China‘s total land area, but its GNP value accounts for 1/8 of the country‘s total. However, since the 1980s the Lake has been severely polluted by thousands of small, nearby chemical and dye factories making it more difficult to utilize the lake‘s water for drinking water. Efforts to combat the pollution have not yet proved effective. Yixing City in the Taihu Lake Basin, for example, has become known as China‘s newly developed center for the manufacture of environmental equipment. However, sales are still very slow, as the demand for high-priced equipment has not yet grown. Coastal Water Pollution China‘s coastline is 18,000 km long on the continent and 14,000 km on more than 6,000 islands. Coastal provinces account for 40.3 percent of the nation‘s population, and more than 473 million km2 of coastal water are under China‘s sovereignty, of which 2.81 million km2 are marine fisheries. Therefore coastal water pollution poses a serious problem for China and in many places, aquaculture has already been completely destroyed. The nitrogen and phosphorous content of nearly all coastal waters in China are higher than national standards; in some cases, the nutrient salt concentration exceeds the National Sea Water Quality Criteria. While the oil pollution in coastal waters decreased in 1994, it remains serious in the Pearl River estuaries, the Dalian Bay and the Jiaozhou Bay. The metal content, the chemical oxygen demand, and the Ph value remain at acceptable limits. The primary cause of marine water pollution is the direct discharge of untreated industrial and municipal waste water. Shellfish, for example have been found to have a cadmium concentration that is more than 20 percent higher than national standards. In 1989, an outbreak of Hepatitis A occurred in Shanghai from seafood contaminated by sewage. Thirty-one people died and over 300,000 people had to undergo some sort of treatment, creating a nationwide scare of seafood. Nevertheless, water pollution continues to be a severe problem in coastal areas: in 1993, 50 percent of coastal shrimp farms had no yield. Another relatively recent cause of coastal water pollution is the growing ship disassembling industry which began with China‘s reforms. The situation has been further aggravated by the lack of response to pollution and to industrial activities which discharge pollutants. For example, there was a large-scale oil spill in the waters near Panjin, Liaoning Province in 1993; however, no immediate rescue action was taken. In addition to a lack of awareness, a dearth of funding for marine pollution monitoring facilities and staff has also curbed action. For example, China monitors coastal waters three times a year, every 100 km, whereas an optimum monitoring system would require such monitoring tests once a week at check points of much closer distances. The Government, however, has made some initiatives toward a marine protection effort. In 1984 it promulgated the Marine Environmental Protection Law under which the marine environmental monitoring system was set up. Marine protection studies and training programs have also been initiated. In 1994 and 1995, emphasis was put on the legal monitoring of waste dumps. In addition, China ratified the 1972 London Protocol of Forbidden Disposal of Radioactive Waste and Industrial Waste Over the Ocean, endorsed the East Asia Ocean Action Plan, and has recently outlined its management framework and action plan to control coastal water pollution. Current Plans and Initiatives China plans to maintain industrial waste water discharges at 30 billion tons per year during the Ninth Five Year Plan period. The Plan stipulates that 84 percent of total industrial waste water should be treated, 50 percent of TVE waste water should be treated, and 20 percent of municipal waste water should be treated. In addition, in its Ninth Five Year Plan and its Trans-Century Green Engineering Program, China gave priority to cleaning up the following two rivers and three lakes: The Huaihe River Basin is on top of the list. The Government expects to control the rising water pollution levels by 1997 and clean the river water by the year 2000. It has allocated $1.04 billion to realizing this target through the implementation of 177 projects. The Songhuajiang River Basin with $554 million. Chaohu Lake, with 5 projects totaling $277 million. Dianchi Lake, with 16 projects totaling $347 million. Taihu Lake, with 9 project totaling $325 million.

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