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[交流] 水凝胶电化学材料

Hydrogel electronics makes its debut
见
http://nanotechweb.org/cws/article/tech/49992
http://www.pnas.org/content/109/24/9287.abstract
A new type of hydrogel could make for high-performance energy-storage electrodes and biosensors. So say researchers at Stanford University in the US who have developed a porous nanostructured material based on the conducting polymer polyaniline that has excellent electronic and electrochemical properties.
PAni hydrogel
PAni hydrogel

"Our material combines the advantages of hydrogels (which have a large surface area) and organic conductors, with their high electronic conductivity and good electrochemical properties," team members Lijia Pan and Guihua Yu told nanotechweb.org. "It could thus be used in high-performance electrochemical devices such as supercapacitors and ultrasensitive biosensors, like those used to detect glucose, for example."

Hydrogels are 3D polymer networks that can hold a large amount of water and have a structure similar to that of biological tissue. Most hydrogels are based on non-conducting polymer matrices, however, which limits their applications in electronics. The researchers, led by Zhenan Bao and Yi Cui, have now used phytic acid, which is a good ionic conductor, to dope and crosslink the conducting polymer polyaniline (PAni) in an effort to overcome this problem.
Inkjet printed pattern using PAni hydrogel
Inkjet printed pattern using PAni hydrogel

The team began by mixing two solutions. The first initiates the polymerization reaction while the second contains the monomer aniline and the doping phytic acid. Typical gelation times can be as short as three minutes, explains Yu, thanks to the fact that each phytic acid molecule contains six phosphorus groups that can interact with several polymer chains at once.

"We showed that we can synthesize the conductive polymer hydrogel in large quantities and also pattern it by inkjet printing and spray techniques," said Pan. "This means that we might be able to fabricate electronic and electrochemical devices such as biosensor arrays and microsupercapacitors on a large scale fairly easily."

The PAni hydrogel was found to have a high specific capacitance of around 480 F/g and a high rate capability (it charges and discharges energy very fast), which means that it might be ideal in applications such as electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage. To compare commercial carbon only has a specific capacitance of around 100 F/g.
Hydrogel glucose sensor

Spurred on by these results, the researchers decided to fabricate a glucose sensor by immobilizing the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) in the hydrogel. Glucose reacts with the GOx and its concentration in solution is monitored via electrochemical measurements using the GOx-PAni hydrogel electrode. "The electrode acts as an excellent interface between the biological (the enzyme GOx) and the synthetic (the electrode)," said Pan, "and the 3D conducting nanostructured framework allows the hydrogel to effectively collect electrons during the enzyme-catalyzed glucose redox reactions."

The hydrogel also reacts very fast – in around just 0.3 seconds compared with a response time of around 20 seconds for commercial glucose sensors, he adds.

The team says that it is now busy developing other novel hydrogels based on various conducting polymers. "We are also trying to push our new technology into areas like high-performance lithium batteries, electro-chromic devices, neuronal electrodes and even electronic skin," revealed Yu.

The current work is reported in PNAS.

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