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Design and Preparation of Porous Polymers
Dingcai Wu,*,† Fei Xu,† Bin Sun,† Ruowen Fu,† Hongkun He,‡ and Krzysztof Matyjaszewski*,‡
†Materials Science Institute, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
‡Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
CONTENTS
1. Introduction A
2. Direct Templating Methodology C
2.1. Direct Templating with Polymers as the Raw
Material D
2.1.1. Infiltration D
2.1.2. Layer-by-Layer Assembly E
2.2. Direct Templating with Monomers as the
Raw Material G
2.2.1. Conventional Polymerization H
2.2.2. Electrochemical Polymerization L
2.2.3. Controlled/Living Polymerization N
3. Block Copolymer Self-Assembly Methodology P
3.1. Self-Assembly with Block Copolymers as the
Pore Template Q
3.2. Self-Assembly with Block Copolymers as the
Source of the Framework S
3.2.1. Self-Assembly with Sacrificial Component
S
3.2.2. Self-Assembly with Morphology Reconstruction
W
3.2.3. Self-Assembly with Vesiculation X
4. Direct Synthesis Methodology Z
4.1. Microporous Polymers AC
4.1.1. Disordered Microporous Polymers AD
4.1.2. Ordered Microporous Polymers AG
4.2. Meso- and/or Macroporous Polymers AK
4.2.1. Radical Polymerization AK
4.2.2. Polycondensation AL
4.3. Hierarchical Porous Polymers AM
5. High Internal Phase Emulsion Polymerization
Methodology AN
6. Interfacial Polymerization Methodology AO
7. Breath Figures Methodology AP
8. Other Methods AR
9. Summary and Perspective AR
Author Information AT
Corresponding Author AT
Notes AT
Biographies AT
Acknowledgments AU
Abbreviations AU
References AV
1. INTRODUCTION
Porosity can be viewed as a profound concept that helps us to
understand nature and create advanced structures. There are
some interesting examples in nature, such as hollow bamboo,
honeycomb with hexagonal cells, and alveoli in the lungs
(Figure 1a−c). Design and construction of porous architectures
that mimic structures found in nature in synthesized materials,
down to the micro- and nanoscale range, have long been an
important science subject. Porous polymers (see some
examples in Figure 1d−f) especially have received an increased
level of research interest because of their potential to merge the
properties of both porous materials and polymers. First of all,
porous polymers can be designed to show the advantages of
high surface area and well-defined porosity.1−3 Second, the
porous polymers have easy processability. For example, they
can be produced in a molded monolithic form4−7 or in thin
films,8,9 which generates significant advantages in many
practical applications. Moreover, some of them can even be
dissolved in a solvent and then processed directly using solventbased
techniques without destroying the porosity,10−12 which is
almost impossible to imagine for other types of porous
materials like activated carbons, zeolites, or porous silicas.
Third, the diversity of synthetic routes for polymers facilitates
the design and construction of numerous porous polymers
capable of incorporating multiple chemical functionalities into
the porous framework or at the pore surface.1,13−15 The
functional porous polymers can be designed to demonstrate
stimuli-responsive characteristics capable of reversibly changing
the pore structure16−19 or even switching between the open
and closed porous state after exposure to environmental
stimulation.20,21 Such unique characteristics are generally
unavailable in other porous materials. Last but not least, due
to their organic nature, the polymeric frameworks are
composed of light elements providing a weight advantage in
many applications.22,23
Porous polymers can be used as gas storage and separation
materials,5,13,22,28−46 as encapsulation agents for controlled
release of drugs,47−51 as catalysts,52 as supports for
catalysts53−56 and sensors,57,58 as precursors of nanostructured
carbon materials,59−68 as supports for biomolecular immobili-
Received: November 22, 2011
Review
pubs.acs.org/CR
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