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Carbon Fibers: Precursors, Manufacturing, and Properties Erik Frank,* Frank Hermanutz,* Michael R. Buchmeiser* 1. Introduction Carbon fibers are made of anisotropic carbon with at least 92 and up to 100 wt% carbon. Carbon fibers with isotropic carbon with high electrical conductivity are available, yet not part of this paper. Carbon fibers have high tensile (HT) strength up to 7 GPa with very good creep resistance, low densities (r¼1.75–2.00 g cm3) and high moduli (HM) up to E900 GPa. They lack resistance to oxidizing agents as hot air and flames, but they are resistant to all other chemical species. The good mechanical properties make carbon fiber attractive for use in composites in the form of woven textiles as well as of continuous or chopped fibers. The composite parts can be produced through filament winding, tape winding, pultrusion, compression molding, vacuum bagging, liquid molding, and injection molding. Carbon fiber industry has been growing continuously with a focus on aerospace, military, construction as well as medical and sporting goods.[1–4] For the automotive industry, carbon-fiber-reinforced polymeric composites allow for a significant reduction in weight, which is a prerequisite for battery-driven cars. Global carbon fiber consumption and themajor carbon fiber manufacturers are summarized in Table 1 and 2 and their estimated capacities are sorted by the main precursor systems PAN and anisotropic pitches.[5] Beside the continuous growth of carbon fiber production in the last years, the large-volume application of carbon fiber in automotive industry has been impeded by high fiber costs and the lack of high-speed composite fabrication techniques. However, current investigations and future developments might well change the market to establish carbon fibers as a mass product like other synthetic fibers or metals. The most important precursor in the market is PAN, while pitch is used for most other carbon fiber types. The formerly used precursor rayon has no commercial importance today. The processing of carbon fibers from different precursors requires different methods for realizing high quality end products. The processing paths are similar, nonetheless, very different in detail. Review Dr. E. Frank, Dr. F. Hermanutz, Prof. M. R. Buchmeiser Institute of Textile Chemistry and Chemical Fibers (ITCF) Denkendorf, Ko¨rschtalstr. 26, 73770 Denkendorf, Germany E-mail: erik.frank@itcf-denkendorf.de; frank.hermanutz@itcf-denkendorf.de; michael.buchmeiser@itcf-denkendorf.de Prof. M. R. Buchmeiser Lehrstuhl fu¨r Makromolekulare Stoffe und Faserchemie, Institut fu¨r Polymerchemie, Universita¨t Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany The properties, structure, and processing of carbon fibers are reviewed. Carbon fibers are made from several precursors, with PAN being the dominating precursor in the market. Carbon fibers have high tensile strength, highmodulus (up to the theoretical limit of around 1000 GPa), and low density, depending on the structure and processing in very limited combinations. Both the structure and composition of the precursor affect the properties of the resulting carbon fibers significantly. Although the essential processes for carbon fiber production are similar, different precursors require different processing conditions in order to achieve improved performance. Future developments are discussed.  [ Last edited by fanshuqi on 2012-5-16 at 12:52 ] |
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