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1. [Journal Home Page] [Search the Journals] [Table of Contents] [PDF version of this article] [Download to Citation Manager] [Purchase Article] Environ. Sci. Technol., ASAP Article 10.1021/es0620641 S0013-936X(06)02064-5 Web Release Date: April 11, 2007 Copyright © 2007 American Chemical Society Full Chain Energy Analysis of Fuel Ethanol from Cassava in Thailand Thu Lan Thi Nguyen, Shabbir H. Gheewala,* and Savitri Garivait The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand Received for review August 29, 2006 Revised manuscript received February 16, 2007 Accepted March 7, 2007 Abstract: An assessment of net energy and supply potentials was performed to evaluate cassava utilization for fuel ethanol in Thailand. Just recently, the Thai government approved the construction of 12 cassava ethanol plants with the total output of 3.4 million liters per day by the next 2 years (2007 and 2008). The cassava fuel ethanol (CFE) system involves three main segments: cassava cultivation including processing, ethanol conversion, and transportation. All materials, fuels, and human labor inputs to each segment were traced back to the primary energy expense level. Positive Net Energy Value and Net Renewable Energy Value, 8.80 MJ/L and 9.15 MJ/L, respectively, found for the CFE system in Thailand proved that it is energy efficient. Without coproduct energy credits, CFE in Thailand is even more efficient than CFE in China and corn ethanol in the United States. Regarding supply potentials, about 35% of the national cassava production would be used to feed approved CFE factories. A shift of cassava to ethanol fuel rather than its current use for chip/pellet products could be a probable solution. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [Full text in html] [Full text in pdf] 2. [Journal Home Page] [Search the Journals] [Table of Contents] [PDF version of this article] [Download to Citation Manager] [Purchase Article] Environ. Sci. Technol., ASAP Article 10.1021/es0620991 S0013-936X(06)02099-2 Web Release Date: April 11, 2007 Copyright © 2007 American Chemical Society Chemical Quality of Depositional Sediments and Associated Soils in New Orleans and the Louisiana Peninsula Following Hurricane Katrina Craig Adams,* Emitt C. Witt, Jianmin Wang, David K. Shaver, David Summers, Youssef Filali-Meknassi, Honglan Shi, Ronaldo Luna, and Neil Anderson# Environmental Research Center for Emerging Contaminants, Rock Mechanics and Explosives Center, and Natural Hazard Mitigation Insitute, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Missouri 65409, and Mid-Continent Geographic Science Center, United States Geological Survey, Rolla, Missouri 65409 Received for review September 1, 2006 Revised manuscript received February 23, 2007 Accepted February 28, 2007 Abstract: Hurricane Katrina made landfall on the Louisiana peninsula south of New Orleans on Aug 29, 2005. The resulting storm surge caused numerous levy breaches in the parishes of New Orleans as well as on the Louisiana peninsula. This study was conducted to determine the concentrations of inorganic and organic constituents in sediments and associated soils in New Orleans parishes and the Louisiana peninsula after the floodwaters had been removed and/or receded following Hurricane Katrina. A total of 46 sediment and soil samples were analyzed that were collected throughout New Orleans and the Louisiana peninsula. Approximately 20% of the sediment samples were analyzed, including shallow sediment samples from locations that included the top and beneath automobiles, in residential and commercial areas, and near refineries. Gasoline constituents, pesticides, and leachable heavy metals were analyzed using headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), organic extraction GC/MS, and inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry, respectively. A significant number of samples had leachable As and Pb concentrations in excess of drinking water standards. The remaining metals analyzed (i.e., Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, and V) generally had much lower leachable levels. Of the gasoline constituents, only benzene was observed above the limit of detection (of 5 g/kg), with no samples observed as being above the method detection limits of 10 g/kg. For the 18 pesticides analyzed, most were in the nondetectable range and all were in trace amounts that were orders of magnitude below regulatory guidelines. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [Full text in html] [Full text in pdf] 3. [Journal Home Page] [Search the Journals] [Table of Contents] [PDF version of this article] [Download to Citation Manager] [Purchase Article] Environ. Sci. Technol., ASAP Article 10.1021/es062158a S0013-936X(06)02158-4 Web Release Date: April 11, 2007 Copyright © 2007 American Chemical Society Evaluating Aquatic Toxicity by Visual Inspection of Thallus Color in the Green Macroalga Ulva: Testing a Novel Bioassay Young-Seok Han, Murray T. Brown, Gyoung Soo Park, and Taejun Han* Institute of Green Technology, University of Incheon, Incheon 402-749, Korea, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom, Department of Ocean Microbe Engineering, Anyang University, Incheon 417-833, Korea, and Division of Biology and Chemistry, University of Incheon, Incheon 402-749, Korea Received for review September 11, 2006 Revised manuscript received February 22, 2007 Accepted March 5, 2007 Abstract: A novel bioassay that uses visual inspection of reproduction of the aquatic green macroalga Ulva has been developed for testing toxic chemicals. The method employs a technique to quantify percentage reproduction based on thallus color change during the progression of reproduction. The validity of visual inspection as a reliable method was supported by a high test score (80.4) from a test of the ability of 97 first year university students with no biology background to evaluate reproduction by visual observation after 30 min training. The sensitivity of the method was assessed using a reference toxicant (sodium dodecyl sulfate; SDS; EC50 = 7.1 mg·L-1), heavy metals Cu (0.063 mg·L-1), Cd (0.217 mg·L-1), Pb (0.840 mg·L-1), Zn (0.966 mg·L-1), formalin (1.458 mg·L-1), diesel fuel (3.7 mL·L-1), and is shown to be similar or better than more established aquatic toxicity bioassays. Toxicity data obtained by the Ulva bioassay for elutriates of sludge collected from nine different locations were directly compared with the commercially available Microtox test. Ulva reproduction was significantly inhibited in all elutriates with the greatest and least toxic effects, estimated by toxicity units (TU) observed in elutriates from industrial waste (13.1 TU) and a filtration bed (4.8 TU), whereas values ranging from 1 to 4.5 TU were obtained from the Microtox test, confirming that the Ulva bioassay is more sensitive. Correlation analyses for EC50 data versus the concentrations of toxicants in the sludge indicated a significant relationship between toxicity and four heavy meals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) for the Ulva bioassay but no such correlation was detected by the Microtox test. The new bioassay method is simple to use, easy to interpret, economical, and eco-relevant so would be a valuable addition to aquatic toxicity testing protocols for a wide range of toxicants. Moreover, since Ulva has a wide geographical distribution and species have similar reproductive processes, the test method has worldwide application. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [Full text in html] [Full text in pdf] 4. [Journal Home Page] [Search the Journals] [Table of Contents] [PDF version of this article] [Download to Citation Manager] [Purchase Article] Environ. Sci. Technol., ASAP Article 10.1021/es062756p S0013-936X(06)02756-8 Web Release Date: April 11, 2007 Copyright © 2007 American Chemical Society Effect of Methanol on pH and Stability of Inorganic Biofilters Treating Dimethyl Sulfide Yuefeng Zhang, Steven N. Liss, and D. Grant Allen* Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E5, and Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3 Received for review November 19, 2006 Revised manuscript received March 1, 2007 Accepted March 5, 2007 Abstract: The biofiltration of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and other reduced sulfur compounds (RSC) results in acidification of biofilters due to the accumulation of the sulfuric acid in packing material. This may lead to a decrease in biofilter performance due to a drop in pH. Results obtained from continuous experiments using three bench-scale biofilters packed with inorganic material mixed with limestone show that methanol (MeOH) alleviates the pH drop and enhances the stability of biofilter performance and DMS removal. The pH drop in the biofilters treating DMS with MeOH is 4 fold slower than that in the control biofiler treating DMS only. For the biofilters with MeOH addition, the pH of the biofilters drops more gradually (0.044 pH units per day) when compared to the MeOH suspension periods when MeOH is not added (0.23 pH units per day). MeOH addition consumes oxygen and results in a lower conversion ratio of sulfide to sulfuric acid due to the formation of elemental sulfur, reducing acidification in the biofilters. Nitrification was found to be actively taking place in the control biofilter treating DMS without MeOH addition, contributing to the significant pH drop in the reactor. It is proposed that MeOH prevents acid production from nitrification likely by limiting oxygen and nutrients to nitrifying bacteria in the MeOH-fed biofilters. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [Full text in html] [Full text in pdf] 5. [Journal Home Page] [Search the Journals] [Table of Contents] [PDF version of this article] [Download to Citation Manager] [Purchase Article] Environ. Sci. Technol., ASAP Article 10.1021/es062975a S0013-936X(06)02975-0 Web Release Date: April 11, 2007 Copyright © 2007 American Chemical Society Sunlight-Induced Photochemical Decay of Oxidants in Natural Waters: Implications in Ballast Water Treatment William J. Cooper,* Adam C. Jones, Robert F. Whitehead, and Rod G. Zika Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2175, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, North Carolina 28409, and Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149 Received for review December 15, 2006 Revised manuscript received February 16, 2007 Accepted February 19, 2007 Abstract: The transport and discharge of ship ballast water has been recognized as a major vector for the introduction of invasive species. Chemical oxidants, long used in drinking water and wastewater treatment, are alternative treatment methods for the control of invasive species currently being tested for use on ships. One concern when a ballasted vessel arrives in port is the adverse effects of residual oxidant in the treated water. The most common oxidants include chlorine (HOCl/OCl-), bromine (HOBr/OBr-), ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and monochloramine (NH2Cl). The present study was undertaken to evaluate the sunlight-mediated photochemical decomposition of these oxidants. Sunlight photodecomposition was measured at various pH using either distilled water or oligotrophic Gulf Stream water for specific oxidants. For selected oxidants, quantum yields at specific wavelengths were obtained. An environmental photochemical model, GCSOLAR, also provided predictions of the fate (sunlight photolysis half-lives) of HOCl/OCl-, HOBr/OBr-, ClO2, and NH2Cl for two different seasons at latitude 40 and in water with two different concentrations of chromophoric dissolved organic matter. These data are useful in assessing the environmental fate of ballast water treatment oxidants if they were to be discharged in port. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [Full text in html] [Full text in pdf] 6. [Journal Home Page] [Search the Journals] [Table of Contents] [PDF version of this article] [Download to Citation Manager] [Purchase Article] Environ. Sci. Technol., ASAP Article 10.1021/es062938j S0013-936X(06)02938-5 Web Release Date: April 11, 2007 Copyright © 2007 American Chemical Society Distinguishing Respirable Quartz in Coal Fly Ash Using Computer-Controlled Scanning Electron Microscopy Nick Cprek, Naresh Shah, Frank E. Huggins, and Gerald P. Huffman* Consortium for Fossil Fuel Science and Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, 533 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0043 Received for review December 11, 2006 Revised manuscript received February 28, 2007 Accepted March 6, 2007 Abstract: Determination and classification of quartz in coal fly ash (CFA) is a subject of interest because of the adverse health effects caused by inhalation of crystalline silica. Workers with prolonged exposure to this carcinogen can develop respiratory diseases over time. This obviously may include utility plant workers involved in the handling, loading, and hauling of CFA. In this investigation, computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to investigate Si-rich phases in CFA to develop a better approach for the determination of respirable quartz. Three CFA samples from utility boilers and a NIST standard CFA sample were investigated. The XRD measurements indicated that the four samples contained from 7.0 to 16.0 wt.% of quartz. The CCSEM measurements utilized both particle size distributions and a particle shape parameter, circularity, to classify the Si-rich phases in these ashes as either crystalline or amorphous (glass). The results indicated that the amount of free, respirable, quartz in these CFA samples ranged from only 0.1-1.0 vol % and showed little correlation with the XRD results for the bulk ash. These results are significant in view of the fact that XRD is the traditional method of measuring crystalline silica in dust collected from workplace atmospheres. |
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7. [Journal Home Page] [Search the Journals] [Table of Contents] [PDF version of this article] [Download to Citation Manager] [Purchase Article] Environ. Sci. Technol., ASAP Article 10.1021/es062326z S0013-936X(06)02326-1 Web Release Date: April 11, 2007 Copyright © 2007 American Chemical Society Catalytic Ammonia Decomposition over Industrial-Waste-Supported Ru Catalysts Pei Fang Ng, Li Li, Shaobin Wang, Zhonghua Zhu,* Gaoqing Lu, and Zifeng Yan ARC Functional Nanomaterials, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia, Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, Australia, and State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, China Received for review September 28, 2006 Revised manuscript received March 2, 2007 Accepted March 8, 2007 Abstract: Industrial solid wastes (fly ash and red mud) have been employed as supports for preparation of Ru-based catalysts. Physical and chemical treatments on red mud were conducted and these modified supports were also used for preparation of Ru-based catalysts. Those Ru catalysts were characterized by various techniques such as N2 adsorption, H2 adsorption, XRD, XPS, and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), and were then tested for catalytic ammonia decomposition to hydrogen. It was found that red-mud-supported Ru catalyst exhibits higher ammonia conversion and hydrogen production than fly-ash-supported catalyst. Heat and chemical treatments of the red mud greatly improve the catalytic activity. Moreover, a combination of acid and heat treatments produces the highest catalytic conversion of ammonia. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [Full text in html] [Full text in pdf] 8. [Journal Home Page] [Search the Journals] [Table of Contents] [PDF version of this article] [Download to Citation Manager] [Purchase Article] Environ. Sci. Technol., ASAP Article 10.1021/es062059x S0013-936X(06)02059-1 Web Release Date: April 11, 2007 Copyright © 2007 American Chemical Society Reactions of Semivolatile Organics and Their Effects on Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation Jesse H. Kroll, Arthur W. H. Chan, Nga L. Ng, Richard C. Flagan, and John H. Seinfeld* Departments of Environmental Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125 Received for review August 28, 2006 Revised manuscript received November 21, 2006 Accepted February 28, 2007 Abstract: Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) constitutes a significant fraction of total atmospheric particulate loading, but there is evidence that SOA yields based on laboratory studies may underestimate atmospheric SOA. Here we present chamber data on SOA growth from the photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons, finding that SOA yields are systematically lower when inorganic seed particles are not initially present. This indicates that concentrations of semivolatile oxidation products are influenced by processes beyond gas-particle partitioning, such as chemical reactions and/or loss to chamber walls. Predictions of a kinetic model in which semivolatile compounds may undergo reactions in both the gas and particle phases in addition to partitioning are qualitatively consistent with the observed seed effect, as well as with a number of other recently observed features of SOA formation chemistry. The behavior arises from a kinetic competition between uptake to the particle phase and reactive loss of the semivolatile product. It is shown that when hydrocarbons react in the absence of preexisting organic aerosol, such loss processes may lead to measured SOA yields lower than would occur under atmospheric conditions. These results underscore the need to conduct studies of SOA formation in the presence of atmospherically relevant aerosol loadings. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [Full text in html] [Full text in pdf] 9. [Journal Home Page] [Search the Journals] [Table of Contents] [PDF version of this article] [Download to Citation Manager] [Purchase Article] Environ. Sci. Technol., ASAP Article 10.1021/es0616940 S0013-936X(06)01694-4 Web Release Date: April 11, 2007 Copyright © 2007 American Chemical Society Surface Complexation Modeling of U(VI) Sorption to Hanford Sediment with Varying Geochemical Conditions Wooyong Um,* R. Jeffrey Serne, and Kenneth M. Krupka Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, MS P7-22, Richland, Washington 99354 Received for review July 14, 2006 Revised manuscript received March 8, 2007 Accepted March 13, 2007 Abstract: A series of U(VI) sorption experiments with varying pH, ionic strength, concentrations of dissolved U(VI), and alkalinity was conducted to provide a more realistic database for U(VI) sorption onto near-field vadose zone sediments at the proposed Integrated Disposal Facility (IDF) on the Hanford Site, Washington. The distribution coefficient (Kd) for U(VI) in a leachate that is predicted to result from the weathering of vitrified wastes disposed in the IDF is 0 mL/g due to the high sodium and carbonate concentrations and high pH of the glass leachate. However, when the pH and alkalinity of the IDF sediment native pore water increases during mixing with the glass leachate, U(VI) uptake is observed and the value of the U(VI) Kd increases 4.3 mL/g, because of U(VI) coprecipitation with newly formed calcite. A nonelectrostatic, generalized composite approach for surface complexation modeling was applied and a combination of two U(VI) surface species, monodentate (SOUO2+), and bidentate (SO2UO2(CO3)2-), simulated the measured U(VI) sorption data very well. The generalized composite surface complexation model, when compared to the constant or single-valued Kd model, more accurately predicted U(VI) sorption under the varying geochemical conditions expected at the IDF. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [Full text in html] [Full text in pdf] 10. [Journal Home Page] [Search the Journals] [Table of Contents] [PDF version of this article] [Download to Citation Manager] [Purchase Article] Environ. Sci. Technol., ASAP Article 10.1021/es061675q S0013-936X(06)01675-0 Web Release Date: April 11, 2007 Copyright © 2007 American Chemical Society Characterization of NAPL Source Zone Architecture and Dissolution Kinetics in Heterogeneous Porous Media Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Changyong Zhang,* Charles J. Werth, and Andrew G. Webb Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathew Avenue, MC-250, Urbana, Illinois 61801, and Department of Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, 313 Hallowell Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 Received for review July 13, 2006 Revised manuscript received February 19, 2007 Accepted February 23, 2007 Abstract: A direct visualization method using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was developed to characterize sand grain size distribution, nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) source zone architecture, and aqueous flowpaths in a three-dimensional (3-D) flowcell (26.5 cm × 10.5 cm × 10.5 cm) packed with a heterogeneous distribution of five different sand fractions. All images were acquired at a resolution of 0.1875 cm × 0.1875 cm × 0.225 cm. A 1H image of pore water resolved the heterogeneous permeability field; grain size differences as small as 0.1 mm could be distinguished. A time series of 1H images of water doped with the paramagnetic tracer MnCl2 were acquired and used to obtain voxel-scale breakthrough curves. Water preferentially flowed through coarse sands before NAPL release. After NAPL release, the flow bypassed NAPL zones, and bypassing was more evident for high NAPL saturation zones. A time series of 19F images of NAPL were acquired and used to determine voxel-scale NAPL saturation (Sn) during dissolution. Results show that 93% of NAPL mass was in the coarsest sand, most NAPL was trapped as pools and not as residual ganglia, NAPL saturation increased with depth, and the NAPL dissolution front moved vertically from the top to the bottom of the flowcell during the first 170 pore volumes of water flushed. NAPL component effluent concentrations initially increased due to the development of flow in zones with decreasing NAPL saturation. Flowpath images suggest that this occurs as NAPL transitions from pools (Sn > 0.15) to residual ganglia. The results highlight the importance of flow bypassing and provide the opportunity to develop more accurate NAPL dissolution models. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [Full text in html] [Full text in pdf] 11. [Journal Home Page] [Search the Journals] [Table of Contents] [PDF version of this article] [Download to Citation Manager] [Purchase Article] Environ. Sci. Technol., ASAP Article 10.1021/es0612448 S0013-936X(06)01244-2 Web Release Date: April 11, 2007 Copyright © 2007 American Chemical Society Raman Microspectroscopic Analysis of Changes in the Chemical Structure and Reactivity of Soot in a Diesel Exhaust Aftertreatment Model System Natalia P. Ivleva,* Armin Messerer, Xin Yang, Reinhard Niessner, and Ulrich Pöschl Technical University of Munich, Institute of Hydrochemistry, Marchioninistrasse 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany Received for review May 24, 2006 Revised manuscript received November 3, 2006 Accepted February 27, 2007 Abstract: Raman microspectroscopy has been applied to follow structural changes in spark discharge (GfG) soot and light-duty diesel vehicle (LDV) soot upon oxidation and gasification by nitrogen oxides and oxygen in a diesel exhaust aftertreatment model system at 523 and 573 K. Raman spectra have been recorded before and during the oxidation process, and spectral parameters have been determined by curve fitting with five bands (G, D1-D4). For GfG soot, a steep initial decrease of the relative intensity of the D3 band suggested rapid preferential oxidation of a highly reactive amorphous carbon fraction, while a less steep but also substantial decrease of band widths (in particular, the D1 band) indicated a slower overall increase of chemical homogeneity and structural order in the partially oxidized material. The spectroscopic changes are in agreement with a strong decrease of chemical reactivity at increasing mass conversion of GfG soot. In contrast, the spectral parameters and reactivity of partially oxidized LDV soot remained largely unchanged throughout the oxidation process. Overall, the spectroscopic and kinetic findings suggest that Raman spectroscopic parameters provide information about the relative abundance and structural order of graphitelike and amorphous carbon and can be used as proxies for the chemical reactivity of soot undergoing oxidation and gasification. Thus, Raman spectroscopy promises to become an efficient tool for further investigation and optimization of diesel exhaust aftertreat ment in continuously regenerating traps and particle filters. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [Full text in html] [Full text in pdf] |
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