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(Fig. 1). Such a temporal pattern in temperature suggests that the ice foot formed by first time after the first pronounced seasonal drop in temperature and that, after the subsequent rise to positive values, the ice foot brokedown, exposing the intertidal zone again.After that time, full winter conditions settled and air temperature remained almost always negative for seven weeks (Fig. 1 ). By mid -February, the intertidal zone was covered by a thick, stable layer of ice( Fig. 2A); the sea surfa ce was covered by ice as well.Under the ice foot, temperature f luctuations were small. Bet ween 6 Fe bruary and 10 March, temperature ranged only between − 2.4 ¡ãC and − 1.1 ¡ãC at the intertida l zone, but between − 18.9 ¡ãC and 8.3 ¡ãC at the dry coast ( Fig. 1). After this period, air temperature frequently switched to positive values again, which was again followed by temperature regaining a higher variability at the intertidal zone ( Fig. 1). This period coincided with the progressive break- up of the ice foot
( Fig. 2B). Descript ive stat istics for the full study periodare given in Table 1


Table 1
Descriptive statistics for temperature (¡ãC) at the intertidal zone and at the dry coast at Sea Spray Shore, Nova Scotia, between 4 January and 4 April 2007 (temperature was recorded every hour)

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ллÄú¹þ£¡»¹ÓÐһС¶ÎÍüÁ˸´ÖÆÁË£ºÄÜÔÙÂé·³ÏÂÄúÂð£¿Initially after logger deployment, mostly positive tem-peratures occurred in intertidal and aerial locations at Sea Spray Shore, increasingly alternating with negative values as the winter progressed ( Fig. 1) . Temperature fluctuations were generally lower at the intertidal zone than at the dry coast (tree branches) because of the dampening effects of high tides and wave action at low tides. The first major cooling event occurred on 18 January, when air tem-perature dropped to − 16.1 ¡ãC, which was closely followed by a brief, but marked, decrease in temperature variability at the intertidal zone (Fig. 1). The following rise in air temperature to 7.7 ¡ãC on 19 January resulted in intertidal temperature regaining a higher variability
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