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1949stone

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[资源] 分子生物学基因核酸 Genes and DNA

分享一本书很好读很基础很有用
Acknowledgments xiii
List of Contributors xv
Preface: Why Is Genetics Important? xvii
Chapter 1. What Are Genes? 1
DNA 1
DNA Can Be Specifically Stained and Observed in Cells 2
DNA Determines Genetic Properties in Bacteria 3
DNA Is a Double Helix 6
Transfer of Genetic Information to Progeny 9
DNA Can Be Replicated in the Test Tube 10
Summary 17
Try This at Home: Extract DNA from Vegetables in Your Kitchen 17
Box 1.1. PCR and Identification 15
Chapter 2. Inheritance of Single-Gene Traits 19
Plants Are Good Organisms for the Study of Inheritance 20
Genes Do Not Blend 21
Rules of Inheritance 22
Behavior of Chromosomes 23
The Punnett Square 24
Incomplete Dominance 28
Sex Is Also Determined by Inheritance Rules 29
Summary 33
Chapter 3. Mendelian Traits in Humans 34
Blood Types 34
Sex-Linked Traits: Hemophilia 35
Sex-Linked Traits: Color Blindness 37
Prostate and Breast Cancer 37
Genetic Metabolic Diseases 39
Sickle-cell Anemia 41
Hemochromatosis 42
Another Sex-Influenced Trait: Male Pattern Baldness 44
Dominant Genetic Diseases 44
Pedigree Analysis 45
Summary 50
Try This at Home: Pedigree Game 50
Box 3.1. Warning on Diet Products 40
Chapter 4. From Genes to Phenotype 53
Transcription 54
Translation 56
Changes in DNA Modify the Amino Acid Sequences of Proteins 61
Gene Regulation 63
Summary 67
Try This at Home: DNA Replication, Transcription,
and Translation Game 68
Box 4.1 Why People Are Saving Their Babies’ Cord Blood 65
Chapter 5. Using Bacteria as Protein Factories 70
Tools for Manufacturing Proteins 70
Using Restriction Enzymes and Plasmids to Clone a Gene 73
Producing Human Proteins in E. Coli 74
Medically Important Human Proteins Made in E. Coli 76
Summary 78
Chapter 6. Genetically Modified Plants 79
What Are Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)? 79
viii CONTENTS
Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transfer 80
Biolistics 81
Genetic Modifications 86
Genetically Modified Nonfood Plants 88
Ecological Issues 90
Labeling Issues and Food Safety 91
Summary 92
Box 6.1: Detecting Foreign Genes in Genetically Modified Plants 85
Chapter 7. When Things Go Wrong 93
Errors in Chromosome Number 94
Multiple Sets of Chromosomes 94
Looking at Our Chromosomes 96
Changes in the DNA Base Sequence 97
Triplet Repeat Errors 102
Summary 103
Chapter 8. Mutagens, Teratogens, and Human Reproduction 104
Spontaneous Mutations 104
Mutagens 105
How Do We Detect Mutagens? 107
Teratogens 109
Human Reproduction 112
Summary 113
Box 8.1: Why There Were Few Thalidomide-Caused Birth Defects
in the United States 110
Chapter 9. Linkage and Mapping: Gene Discovery 114
There Are Many Genes on Each Chromosome 114
Independent Assortment of Genes 115
Linkage 118
Recombination 119
Linkage to a DNA Marker 123
The Human Genome Project and Others 131
Discovering Disease Genes in Humans 132
Summary 133
Try This at Home: Independent Assortment of Chromosomes
and the Making of a Unique Individual 133
Try This at Home: Explore Genetics Databases 135
CONTENTS ix
Box 9.1: Identifying Disease Genes Using Restriction
Fragment Length Polymorphism 126
Box 9.2: Identifying a Disease-Resistance Gene in Barley
Through Map-Based Cloning 128
Chapter 10. Genetics of Populations and Genetic Testing 138
Why Don’t We Observe 3 to 1 Ratios of Dominant Versus
Recessive Traits in Populations? 138
Predicting the Genotype of the Next Generation Using
the Punnett Square 139
Conditions for Observing Constant Gene and
Genotype Frequencies 142
Another Application of the Hardy-Weinberg Law 143
Predicting Gene Frequency for a Recessive Trait 145
Gene Frequencies Vary in Different Populations 147
Newborn Testing and Conditional Probability 148
Predicting Genotype Frequency for Sex-Linked Traits 151
Summary 152
Chapter 11. Survival of the Fittest? 153
What Is Meant by Fitness? 153
Selection Requires Variation. 154
Selection Can Result in Reduced Genetic Diversity 155
Natural Selection Determined Skin Color in Humans 156
Fitness Depends Upon the Environment 157
Selection and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria 158
Heterozygous Advantage 161
Why Do Dominant Genetic Diseases Exist? 163
Small Populations 164
Summary 170
Box 11.1: DNA Sequences Provide Clues to Human Evolution:
The Founder Effect in Prehistoric Africa 165
Try This at Home: Demonstrations of the Effects
of Small Population Size 171
Chapter 12. Nature Versus Nurture 175
Polygenic Traits Are Additive 176
Polygenic Traits Exhibit Continuous Variation in Phenotype 178
Polygenic Traits Are Influenced by the Environment 180
x CONTENTS
Measuring Variance in Traits and Estimating Heritability 181
Twin Studies Are Helpful in Studying Polygenic Traits in Humans 183
Quantitative Traits in Medicine and Agriculture 184
Summary 186
Chapter 13. Genetically Modified Animals and
the Applications of Gene Technology for Humans 187
Cloning Animals by the Nuclear-Transfer Technique 187
Genetically Modifying Animals Using Embryonic Stem Cells 188
Uses of Genetically Modified Animals 190
Human Gene Therapy 192
Human Reproductive Cloning 195
Human Therapeutic Cloning 197
Summary 197
Appendix A. Internet Resources 199
Appendix B. Glossary of Scientific Names of Organisms 203
Appendix C. Glossary of Human Genetic Diseases 205
Appendix D. Glossary of Terms 207
Index 213
Genes and DNA

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