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[×ÊÔ´] Self-assembly The science of the things that put themselves together

Contents
Preface vii
Acknowledgments xi
List of Tables xii
List of Figures xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Self-Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Profile - Richard P. Feynman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 Why Now? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Chapter Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 E xercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5 Related Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
I The Natural World 15
2 Inorganic Systems 17
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 Bubble Rafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.1 A Primer on Surface Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.2 The Meniscus Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Profile - Leonard M. Adleman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.3 Back to the Bubble Raft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3 Crystallization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Try It Yourself - The Bubble Raft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4P olymerization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.5 Micelles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1
2.6 Chapter Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4
2.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5
2.8 Related Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6
2.9 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3Organic Systems 49
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9
3.2 Proteins and Protein Folding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2.1 Understanding Protein Folding . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Try It Yourself - ¡°Protein¡±F olding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.3 The TobaccoMosaic Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.4 T he Ribosome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.5 Chapter Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Profile - John H. Reif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.7 Related Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.8 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4 Lessons from the Natural World 67
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.2 The Bubble Raft and Nature¡¯s Principles . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.2.1 Structured Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Profile - Chad A. Mirkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.2.2 Binding Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.2.3 Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.2.4 Driving Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.3 Other Aspects of Nature¡¯s Motif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.3.1 Energy Minimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.3.2 Nucleation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.3.3 Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.4 Chapter Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4 .5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4 .6 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
II Engineered Systems 81
5 The ¡°Cheerios Effect¡± and Other Simple Systems 83
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.2 The PenroseModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.2.1 Nature¡¯s Principles in Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.3 Magnetic Self-Assembling Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.3.1 Pattern Formation in Magnetic Spheres . . . . . . . 90
5.3.2 Control Via External Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.3.3 Nano-Magnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.3.4Magnetic Origami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.3.5 Measuring Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.4The ¡°Cheerios Effect¡± . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.4.1 The Force Between Two Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.4.2 Floating Particles and Other Forces . . . . . . . . . . 106
Try It Yourself - Self Assembling Soda Straws . . . . . . . . . 109
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Profile - Saul T. Griffith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.5 Chapter Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.7 Related Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.8 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6 Static Self-Assembly 117
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
6.2 Assembly via Capillary Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
6.2.1 Assembly at a Liquid-Liquid Interface . . . . . . . . 121
Profile - George M. Whitesides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
6.2.2 Capillary Forces and Three Dimensional Structures . 124
6.2.3 Reconfigurable Capillary Driven Systems . . . . . . . 128
6.2.4Computing with Capillary Forces . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.3 Template Driven Self-Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
6.3.1 Artificial Amphiphiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.4 S tructured Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
6.5 Assembly by Folding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.6 Chapter Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3
6.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4
6.8 Related Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5
6.9 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6
7 Dynamic Self-Assembly 147
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7
7.2 A Prototype for Dynamic Self-Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . 14 9
Try It Yourself - Electrostatic Self-Assembly . . . . . . . . . . 154
7.2.1 Self-Assembling Nanowires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
7.2.2 Electrostatically Driven Granular Media . . . . . . . 161
7.2.3 Electrorheological Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7.3 Magnetically Driven Dynamic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 164
7.4Mec hanically Driven Dynamic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 167
7.5 Self-Propelled Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
7.6 Smart Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Profile - Eric Klavins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
7.7 Chapter Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7.8 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.9 Related Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
7.10 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
8 DNA Self-Assembly 181
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
8.2 DNA - Nature¡¯s Ultimate Building Block . . . . . . . . . . 182
8.2.1 Sticky Ends and Branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
8.3 Cubes and other Polyhedra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
8.4DNA Tiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
8.5 DNA Barcodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
8.6 DNA Origami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
8.7 DNA as a Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Profile - Nadrian C. Seeman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
8.8 DNA Self-Assembly in Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
8.9 Chapter Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
8.10 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
8.11 Related Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
8.12 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
III The Future 209
9 Models of Self-Assembly 211
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
9.2 PhysicalModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
9.2.1 Modelling Structured Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
9.2.2 Modelling Helix Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
9.2.3 Chemical Kinetics Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
9.2.4The Waterbug Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
9.3 AbstractModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
9.3.1 Conformational Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
9.3.2 Graph Grammars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
9.3.3 The Tile Assembly Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 0
Profile - Erik Winfree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2
9.4Chapter Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 7
9.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 8
9.6 Related Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
9.7 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
10 Directions 253
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
10.2 Fibonacci at the Nanoscale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
10.3 Self-Assembly Springs Into Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
10.4Self-Assem bled Swimming Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Profile - Paul Rothemund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
10.5 Self-Assembly Goes Broadway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
10.6 Self-Assembly and the Origin of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
10.7 Chapter Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
10.8 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
10.9 Related Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
10.10 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
11 Color Plates 265
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
References 281
A The Calculus of Variations 293
B Useful Web Sites 297
C Glossary 299
© 2007


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