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考研英文写作常用的短语及句式
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Sample Text 下面是一些经常用于短文开头和结尾的短语和句式，每一种都可根据不同内容灵活运用。平时应有意 多积累一些这样的习惯表达法，并逐步学会用于自己的短文写作中，以迅速提高书面表达能力。 (一)常用于开头的短语、句式 ( Phrases and Sentences Used to Start an Essay ) 1．With the(rapidly)growing popularity of(computers/private cars/Jazz/football /basket ball/golf/tennis/classical music/pianos/American rock'n'roll/disco/frozen food/fast food/coca cola/coffee/telephones/mobile phones/house interior decoration/ horticulture/going abroad to study/traveling/beauty salons/insurance/credit cards/ second job/supermarkets/pets)inChina，the quality of our lives have been considerably changed. 2. With the(rapid)growth of(our economy/population/private enterprises/light industry/housing industry,)many problems such as(water shortages, traffic jams and industrial pollution/waste of energy, lack of professionals and chaotic management)are beginning to surface . 3. With the development of(science and technology/market economy,/electronics industry/women liberation movement/high education)more and more people come to realize that ... 4. Currently, there is a widespread concern over(illegal publication/drug abuse/ alcohol abuse/drunk driving/high school dropouts/teenage pregnancy/corruption of civil servants/state owned companies in deficit/unemployment/high criminal rate/high inflation rate/sexual discrimination/smoking/children with a single parent/traffic accidents/fake products/pornography/disregard of public properties/grain production/ environmental pollution/acid rains/wildlife extinction/children abuse/food shortage/ water shortage/excessive use of chemical fertilizers/traffic jam/rapid urbanization/ overpopulation/tax frauds/fire hazards around us/waste of food/waste of energy/ negative influence of western cultures/violence/decrease of farmland). 5. Currently, there is a serious concern that(many state owned companies are in deficit.../quite a few Chinese cities face the problems of water shortages, industrial pollution and waste of energy). 6. The government is/We are seriously concerned with(overpopulation/high inflation rate/drug abuse.) 7. In the last two decades/In the past tell years, millions of(private enterprises/supermarkets/beauty salons/fast food restaurants/garages/private schools)have mushroomed all over China. 8. In recent years, many Chinese families have owned(cars/telephones/video cameras/computers...) 9. Nowadays, a heated debate/discussion about... is under way in China. Some people believe that .... whereas others argue that... 10. There are some reasons for owning(private cars/personal computers). To begin with .... Next .... Last .... There are, on the other hand, many reasons against it. First .... Second .... Finally .... 11. There are many advantages and :disadvantages in(owning a car) 12. Now an increasing number of people come to realize that.. 13. There is no doubt that... 14. There are some basic differences between(the large and small enterprises) In the small enterprise you .... In the large enterprise you... 15. There are various/at least three ways/possible techniques/problems/methods)to do something. 16. Smoking/Alcoholic beverage should be banned from college campuses for two reasons. The first reason is that... The second reason is that... (On the one hand .... On the other hand .... ) 17. The possible solutions of(the energy crisis/water shortages/these social problems)depend an three factors... 18. Thetwo major reasons responsible for(the rapid economic growth/the widespread of fake products)are ... 19. Different people have different attitudes towards ... Some are in favor of ... while others are against ... 20. When it comes to(private cars/trade protection/abortion/human right/ urbanization/market economy/recycling/banning fireworks etc,)most people believe that ...; but other people argue that... (二)常用于结尾的短语、句式 (Phrases and Sentences Used to End an Essay) 在结尾段中还可以考虑下面的表达方法(如进行预见，提出建议，做出评议，发出号召或指出解决 方法等) 1. It is hoped that we should place much emphasis on/pay more attention to 2. To conclude, we can see that(the best way/the possible solution)is... 3. In short,(shortage of water, decrease of fertile fields and environmental pollution)are the major problems to be solved to(increase grain production.) 4. In order to make our world a better place in which to live we should make great efforts to .... 5. In a word, there are three suggestions we must follow, only in this way can we (achieve a great success). 6. It is time for us to take an active part in... 7. Let us work hand in hand to(solve these social problems.) 8. It goes without saying that .... 9. I wont to(be a teacher/do sth)not only because... but also because... 10. Who is to say that(you will not be the victim of fake products again and again/ our scientists may not provide a better theory) 考研英语写作中的语言转换与更替技巧 考研英语写作的提高需要大量细节的分析和磨练，其中一个重要的主题是关于英语创作的重要规律——seeking variety (追求语言丰富多变)。如何追求变化？下面举一个具体的例子，从各种角度给出句型转换的方式，提供一些思路。 下面例句选自一篇考研图画作文范文，主题是讽刺滥用简化字（simplified character ）的现象。图画描述一个“展销会”的指示牌被简化成了“尸销会”，两名过路人受到惊吓、当场晕菜的场面。图画作文的首段往往要求进行图画场景描述，范文的开篇就有了这样两句话： The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard, and being shocked at the message. This is because the billboard is advertising a “sale of the dead bodies”. 语法错误： 首先需要纠正的是句子出现的一个语法错误：第2句一开始，在This is之后使用了because引导的原因状语从句, 不符合语法要求。一般情况下，后面往往接名词性结构或形容词性结构作表语。此处只是作者想当然地把汉语 “这是因为”生硬地翻译了出来，属于典型的Chinglish，口语中倒是屡见不鲜，而写作中则要有严格的语法观念，不能使用这样的表达。 This is because the billboard is advertising a “sale of the dead bodies”. 可修改为表语从句形式：The reason is that the billboard is advertising a “sale of the dead bodies.” 词语变化 段首句的picture、show和后面的shock可以选用其它同义词替换： picture / cartoon / caricature show / describe / depict / illustrate / portray shock / amaze / astound / astonish /surprise 段首句变化 图画作文的段首句往往是“如图所示”或“从图画中可以看出”之类，下面为经常采用的一些句型： As is shown in the picture, As can be seen from the picture, It is vividly shown in the picture that…… We can see in this picture that …… It is of considerable interest to see in the bizarre picture that…… 因果表达变化 由于第二个句子是揭示原因的，英语表达中的因果关系词又非常丰富，所以句子改造就有了多种可能，感兴趣的同学不妨来个脑筋急转弯，用以下表达来试试你的创造力（此处大概有20种可能的因果变化）： 因果关系表达： as, since, because, for, for the reason that, the reason(why…) is that due to, because of, as a result of, on account of so, thus, therefore, as a result, that’s why, cause, lead to, result in, result from, attribute…to…, be responsible for 例1： The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard, and being shocked at the message due to the advertisement of a “sale of the dead bodies”. 例2：The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard. Their being shocked at the message can be attributed to the advertisement of a “sale of the dead bodies”. 句式转换： 为了加强同学们对语法知识在写作中的灵活应用，下面给出14种句式及语言调整的效果，内容上没有太大差异，只是请辨别每句话所侧重的句式： 1．表语从句 The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard, and being shocked at the message. The reason is that the billboard is advertising a “sale of the dead bodies”. 2. 介词短语 In the picture, two people are reading the announcement and they are being shocked at the message of “a sale of dead bodies” on a billboard. 3．疑问句 The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard. Why are they so shocked? The reason is that the billboard is advertising a “sale of the dead bodies”. 4. 原因状语从句 The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard. As the billboard is advertising a “sale of the dead bodies”, they are shocked at the message. 5. 结果状语从句 The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard. The billboard is advertising a “sale of the dead bodies” so that they are shocked at the message. 6. 时间状语从句 in the picture, while the two people are reading the announcement on the billboard about “a sale of the dead bodies”, they are being deeply shocked. 7. 分词短语 In the picture, reading the message of a ‘sale of the dead bodies” advertised on the billboard, the two people are deeply shocked. 8. 主动语态 In the picture, the announcement on a billboard advertising a “sale of the dead bodies” shocks the two people reading it. 9. There be 结构 In the picture, there is an announcement on a billboard advertising a “sale of the dead bodies” and shocking the two people reading it. 10. 倒装句 On a billboard is an announcement advertising a “sale of the dead bodies”. The two people reading it are being shocked. 11. 定语从句 In the picture, the announcement on a billboard which advertises a “sale of the dead bodies” shocks the two people reading it. 12．强调句 In the picture, it is the announcement on a billboard advertising a “sale of the dead bodies” that shocks the two people reading it. 13. 虚拟语气 In the picture, were it not for the announcement on the billboard advertising a “sale of the dead bodies”, the two people would not be so shocked. 14. 复杂书面语 It is of considerable interest to observe in this bizarre caricature that a couple of citizens, reading an announcement issued on the billboard, are taken aback as a result of the astounding message which informs people of a “sale of dead bodies”. 句中使用的词组包括：be of considerable interest, a couple of, taken aback, as a result of, inform sb. of 长句采用的特殊语法包括：宾语从句+分词结构做插入语+分词作后置定语（issued）+被动语态+原因短语+定语从句。 句式转换可以考虑的方式 如果大家对句型转换依然缺乏信心，我就为大家提供以下的思路作为参考。一般来说，以下12种措施是可以考虑的。可以根据句子的内容特点进行灵活置换。 1． 主动句与被动句的转换 2． There be 结构的采用；It is放在句首的形式 3． 同位语的设置 4． 疑问句形式 5． 否定和双重否定形式 6． 倒装句形式 7． 强调句形式 8． 虚拟语气形式 9． 各类从句形式 六大类从句：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句、同谓语从句 其中状语从句可以考虑9种：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、让步状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句 10. 连续短句和长句之间的转换 11. 简单用词和书面语词组、固定句型的转换 12. 修辞形式的考虑，如比喻和排比 好，再改下去就眼花缭乱了，如果加上各种措词或修辞现象的斟酌，版本会越来越多。想必“尸销展”看多了也有点恐怖气氛。还好，我想各位已经体会到了汪老师的良苦用心。请翻开你的教材，随意选上两句话开始brainstorm，对这些句子搞个外科手术吧，挑战极限，一试身手，你真会为丰富多彩的英语语言欢呼呢！ 2006考研英语短文写作必背短语结构 注意：括号里的话为自写内容 (1)图画概述 1. This picture aims at revealing a common and series problem in the world: (how to ...) 2. Let’s take a closer look at the two pictures. 用于进一步描述(…) 3. As illustrated in the picture, （many people nowadays like to go to fitness centers to keep their bodies in shape） (2)图表概述（无万能模式）（注意自写，不要照搬原句。用上下面句子里的关键词汇短语即可） 1. The graph shows that the incidence of violent crime has in fact dropped in most US cities over the past decade. 2. As we can see from the chart, divorce increased phenomenally up until about 1990, but has since remained at a fairly constant level. 3. The sales figures for A amount to the combined sales figures for B and C. The profits over the past five years add up to an incredible 1.2 billion dollars. 4. The figures fluctuate between 1000 and 1100 units per year. The sales are expected to go up and down over the next few months. 5. The number of pandas in the reserve suddenly rose to over 200. 6. The birth rate decreased steadily after World War 2. The number of users rose smoothly throughout the decade. Profits have declined slowly as competitors have taken away market share. 7. Computer use is forecast to shoot up in Africa during the coming decade. Housing prices soar when there is a sudden increase in demand. 8. The population will remain stable thanks to the one-child policy. 9. The percentage of young people attending university reached a peak of 47% in 2003. 10. The number of people who could not read hit its lowest point in 2003. 11. Book sales are on the decline nowadays. 12. The number of Internet users is on the rise/increase at the moment. (3)图画含义 1. What does the author really want to tell us? In my opinion, his real implication is that everyone has to meet difficulties in their life experiences. 2. The purpose of the pictures is to warn us that due attention has to be paid to the decrease of ocean resources. 3. The idea conveyed by the cartoon is apparent: the finishing point is just a new starting point. 4. I cannot help relating these drawings to reality. They clearly show how human interpersonal relationships have developed. (4)举例论证 1. A case in point is Wuhan, which has a pedestrian shopping street. 2. Take the recent tsunami for example. 3. The list of such examples can go on and on. (5)原因分析 1. A number of factors can account for the increase in deaths from heart disease. 2. Another important factor is the availability of the Internet. 3. Finally, the creation of more jobs is responsible for the change/ increase/ decrease/ growth. 4. Why does this phenomenon appear? I think there are several possible reasons for this situation. (6)建议措施 1. It is high time that parents, educators and the government made joint efforts to put an end to this situation. 2. It is imperative that drastic measures should be taken to end poverty worldwide. 3. Only in this way can we overcome this difficulty, and .we will have a bright future. |
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